Brunton GeoTransit Bedienungsanleitung

G E O T R A N S I T

OPERATORS MANUAL

1  Orientation ........................................................................ Page(s): 1

2  Magnetic Declination ....................................................................... 5

3  Azimuth Measurement .................................................................... 7

4 -- Inclination & Percent Grade Measurement ............................... 11

5  Strike & Dip Measurement ............................................................ 14

6  Trend & Plunge Measurement ..................................................... 15

7  GEO Transit & Topographic Map Use ......................................... 16

8  Additional Measurements ............................................................ 18

9  Prospecting ..................................................................................... 19

10  Reference Material ....................................................................... 25

11  Specifications ................................................................................ 26

12  Service ............................................................................................ 26

Printed in U.S.A.

form 11-GEO rev. 0109

Owners Purchase Record

Model _______________________________________________________

Date of Purchase ______________________________________________

Dealer Purchased From: _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Serial #:

Congratulations on your purchase of the finest pocket transit instrument in the world.

The Brunton GEO Transit is not just a compass. It combines a surveyors compass, pris-

matic compass, two inclinometers, hand level and a plumb into a single instrument.

Even though the GEO Transit is made rugged and durable to withstand the rigor associ-

ated with outdoor use, care must be taken to assure long-life of your instrument. Avoid

impacts, dropping, extreme temperatures and store the Brunton GEO Transit in its case.

Orientation provides a description of important

pocket transit parts. A detailed description of its

operation is provided throughout the manual.

Opening The GEO Transit

Position the GEO Transit so that the flat cover

faces up with the small window positioned away

from you. Unlatch the cover from the base.

(Fig 1)

1.1 Round Level (Fig 2)

For accurate azimuth measurement, dip direction and trend measurements, center the bubble

in the round level.

1.2 Needle (Fig 2)

The needle is attached to a rare earth magnet which is induction damped, allowing the needle

to seek magnetic north and come to a complete rest in a minimum amount of time.

1.3 Graduated Circle (Fig 2)

In combination with the needle, the 1° graduated circle allows for azimuth readings that are

accurate to 1/2 degree.

1.4 Long Level (Fig 2)

The long level is for inclination measurement. For accurate inclination measurement, center

the bubble in the long level using the vernier adjustment (section 1.14).

1.5 Rare Earth Magnet (Fig 2)

Brunton has incorporated a cast NdFeB, rare-earth magnet which seeks magnetic north very

quickly and allows for faster needle settling.

1.6 Zero Pin (Fig 2)

The zero pin a pointer used for magnetic declination adjustment. If no adjustment is

necessary, the pin should point at 0° on the azimuth ring.

1.7 Needle Release Mechanism -- 2-Positions (Fig 2)

Unlocked: When needle locking adjustment (section 1.15) is unlocked the needle swings

freely, even when needle release mechanism is pressed.

Locked: When needle locking adjustment is in the locked position the needle is locked in

place until the needle release mechanism is pressed. (Suggested for Storage)

1 -- Orientation

1.3 1.4

1.5

1.2

1.1

1.8 1.7

1.6

1.10 1.9

Figure 1

Figure 2

Flat Cover

Small Window

1.13 Large Sight w/ Peep Sight (Fig 3)

The large sight and the attached buckhorn style peep sight are used for precise azimuth and

inclination measurement.

1.14 Vernier Adjustment (Fig 3)

The vernier adjustment rotates the vernier and long level for inclination measurements.

1.15 Needle Locking Adjustment -- 2-Positions (Fig 3)

Adjust the needle locking lever to lock and unlock the needle.

1.16 Side/Bottom Long Levels (Fig 3)

When it is not possible to view the round level, use the side/bottom, long levels to level the

GEO transit for azimuth and inclination measurement .

1.17 Hinge Inclinometer (Fig 3)

Measure inclination using the lid and at least one of the bubble levels.

Storage

For storage, Brunton recommends locking the

needle adjustment lever (1.15) and placing the

GEO transit in its case, with the base against the

closing snap. (Fig 4)

Direct Reading

Why are EAST & WEST switched?

The GEO Transit is a direct reading compass.

Read azimuth directly where the needle points

on the graduated circle.

With the large sight toward the object, read azimuth directly where the north end of the nee-

dle points (N tip). (Fig 5)

1.8 Vernier (Fig 2)

The vernier is used for inclination measurements with an accuracy to 30 minutes.

1.9 Mirror (Fig 2)

The mirror and mirror center line are used for accurate azimuth and inclination measurements.

1.10 Small Sight (Fig 2)

Attached to the cover, the small buckhorn style sight is used for precise bearing and inclina-

tion sighting.

1.11 Ball & Socket Tripod Mount (Fig 3)

Use the slots on both sides of the body for mounting the GEO to the optional Brunton ball &

socket mount, which in turn attaches to an optional Brunton tripod, or monopod.

1.12 Magnetic Declination Adjustment Screw (Fig 3)

Adjust the GEO Transit for magnetic declination, by turning the declination adjustment screw

using a flat-head screw driver.

Figure 4

Base

Figure 3

1.11

1.13

1.12

1.15

1.16

1.14

1.17

Snap

With the small sight toward the object, read azimuth directly where the south end of the nee-

dle points (S tip). (Fig 6)

See section 4 for detailed explanation of sighting an azimuth.

The Earth is completely surrounded by a magnetic field, and an unobstructed magnetized

object will orient itself with the earths magnetic north and south poles. Magnetic declination

(variation) is the difference between true, geographic north (North Pole) and magnetic north

(in northern Canada), with respect to your position. It is important to note magnetic declina-

tion at your position, because magnetic declination varies and fluctuate slowly at different

rates, around the world.

The isogonic chart (Fig 7) shows North America, only. Use the isogonic chart, a current

United States Geological Survey (USGS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), another

map, or a computer program to determine magnetic declination at your position.

Declination can be east, west or 0°, from your current position. At 0° declination, true north

and magnetic north are aligned.

Example: If magnetic declination at your position is 15° east, then mag-

netic north is 15° east of true, geographic north. Figure 8 displays true

geographic north and magnetic north, as indicated in the legends of

USGS and BLM maps.

Most maps use true north as a reference. When adjustment for magnet-

ic declination is complete, azimuth readings will be with respect to true

north, same as the map.

True North

Magnetic North

15oE

Your Position

Figure 8

Figure 7

West Declination

East Declination

Object

Large Sight

N Tip

Figure 5

Small Sight

S Tip

Object

Figure 6

2 -- Magnetic Declination

2. Rotate the needle locking adjustment lever clock-wise.

(Fig 10)

Now the needle swings freely, even when needle release

mechanism is pressed.

3.1.b Needle Locked (Locked)

1. Position GEO transit so that the base faces you with the

needle locking adjustment on top. (Fig 10)

2. Rotate the needle locking adjustment lever counter

clock-wise.

The needle remains locked until the needle release mechanism is pressed. When the needle

settles, let up on the release mechanism to lock azimuth measurement in place.

3.2 Azimuth Using a Tripod or Monopod

For highest accuracy, mount the GEO transit on a Brunton non-magnetic tripod using the

Brunton ball and socket head.

1. Adjust GEO transit for magnetic declination.

!See section 2, Magnetic Declination, for help.

2. Mount transit to the ball and socket head.

3. Open the cover and large sight until they both

extend in a straight line. (Fig 11)

4. Flip small sight and peep sight up.

5. Rotate transit until large sight points at object.

6. Level the transit by centering bubble in round level.

7. Sight azimuth by aligning

peep-sights with object.

(Fig 12)

Using the magnetic declination adjustment (1.12, pg. 3), rotate the graduated circle to adjust

for declination. Begin with the zero pin at 0°. For East declination, rotate graduated circle

clockwise from the zero pin. (Fig 9A) For West declination, rotate graduated circle count-

er-clockwise. (Fig 9B) If magnetic declination is 0°, no adjustment is necessary. (Fig 9C)

Azimuth is a term used for direction. Azimuth is normally measured clockwise, in degrees with

true north being 0°. Bearing is a term often used when measuring with a quadrant type instru-

ment. From this point forward, description of pocket transit use will involve the 0° through 360°

graduated circle, and with the assumption the GEO transit is adjusted for magnetic declination.

Example of Azimuth: If a mountain is directly east of your position, the azimuth from your posi-

tion to the mountain is 90°. If the mountain is directly south, it would be at 180°.

Warning: The magnetic needle is highly sensitive. When sighting an azimuth, keep the GEO

transit away from magnetic materials, such as watches, belt buckles, rings, knives, etc.

3.1 Needle Locking Adjustment

Before measuring an azimuth a decision must be made to have the needle swing freely, or be

locked until the needle release mechanism is pressed.

3.1.a Needle Swings Freely (Unlocked)

1. Position the GEO so that the base faces you and the needle locking adjustment is on top.

Figure 11

Zero Pin Zero Pin Zero Pin

Figure 9A Figure 9B Figure 9C

15° East

Declination

15°West

Declination

0°

Declination

Figure 10

Figure 12

Object

Adjustment

3 -- Azimuth Measurement

8. Read azimuth where the "N" end of the needle points at

graduated circle. (Fig 13)

3.3 Azimuth Measurement Waist-Level

This method is often used when object is above or below

the observer.

3.3.a Using "N" End of Needle

Use this method when the object lies as much as 45°

above, or 15° below the observer.

1. Hold transit waist high and in your left hand.

2. Open cover toward your body . (Fig 14)

3. Open large sight, until perpendicular to the body.

(Fig 14)

4. Press left forearm against

your waist and steady with

right hand.

5. Level compass using round

bubble level.

6. In the mirrors reflection, bisect the object with the mirror center

line. (Fig 15)

!Check that the bubble is centered in the round level.

7. Read azimuth where the "N" end of needle points at the graduated

circle.

If object is more than 45° above you, open mirror further toward your

body, and adjust large sight so that it leans over the bottom case.

3.3.b Using "S" End of Needle

Use this method when object is more than 15° below the observer.

1. Hold transit waist high and in your left hand.

2. Open cover away from your body. (Fig 16)

3. Open large sight until it leans over the body.

4. Press left forearm against your waist and steady with

right hand.

5. Look just over the large sight, and at the object

through window opening on mirror. (Fig 16)

!Adjust mirror and large sight so that the image of

the large peep sight are bisected by the mirror

center line.

6. Level compass using round bubble level.

7. Read azimuth where the "S" end of needle points at

the graduated circle. (Fig 17)

3.4 Using as a Prismatic Compass

Occasionally, objects may interfere with sighting using meth-

ods previously mentioned, or users may encounter circum-

stances which require the GEO be held at eye-level to sight

an object. If this is the case, follow the procedures below.

1. Open cover away from your body to approximately 45°, and open small sight. (Fig 18)

2. Lift large sight until perpendicular to the transit body, or leans slightly away from the base.

3. Hold instrument at eye-level, with large sight toward you.

4. Align large sight and small sight on top of the cover with

object.

!OR - Sight object through the lower portion of large sight

and the window in the mirror.

5. Level round bubble level using the reflection of the mirror.

6. Read azimuth in the reflection of the mirror where the "S"

end of needle points at the graduated circle.

Figure 18

TO EYE

Figure 17

109

Figure 15

Figure 16

Figure 13

Figure 14

TO EYE

2. Find minutes by determining whether the 30 or 60 minute line is closest to a degree

marking. See arrows in figure 21. A Loupe or magnifier may be required.

Since the 30 minute line is closest, the total angle is 26° + 30 (26° 30 or 26.50°)

4.1.b -- percent grade

Use the percent grade scale above the vernier.

1. Read nearest percent grade at the verniers

center line -- 50%, circled. (Fig 22)

Another method is to calculate the percent grade

using the angle of inclination and the equation:

Percent Grade = [ tan(

) x 100 ]

Measure the angle of inclination,

= 26.5°. Then, calculate the tangent of 26.5° using a cal-

culator. Finally, move the decimal two places to the right (multiply by 100).

Example: Tan( 26.5°) = .499 = 49.9% Grade

4.2 Inclination Using Prismatic Compass

The GEO transit can also measure angles of inclination without a tripod.

1. Position cover to approximately 45°.

2. Open large sight and flip its peep sight to 90° from

the large sight. (Fig 23)

3. With large sight pointing toward you, position transit

at eye-level with cover open to the right. (Fig 23)

4. Sight object behind transit, aligning small sight,

window and peep sight with object.

5. In the mirror, adjust vernier until bubble is centered in

the long level .

6. Read inclination at verniers center line.

The Brunton GEO Transit is capable of measuring vertical angles with an accuracy better

than 1°, with readings to 10 minutes. Also, it

displays percent grade, without calculation.

The bottom scale is incremented from 0° to 90°

and is used for vertical inclination. The scale on

the vernier is also used for vertical (inclination)

measurement, but it is incremented from 0 to 60

minutes. (Fig 19) Closer to the center, the sec-

ond scale increments from 0% to 100%. This

scale is the percent grade scale.

4.1 Inclination and Percent Grade Using Tripod or Monopod

Use a tri/monopod for increased inclination accuracy.

1. With GEO transit attached to the tripod tilt the ball

and socket mount 90°. (Fig 20)

!Transit should be on its side.

2. Lock into position using the clamp screw.

3. Align sights with object behind transit. (Fig 20)

4. Adjust vernier until bubble is centered in long level.

5. Read inclination at verniers center line from the

degree scale -- 26° to 27°, circled. (Fig 21)

4.1.a -- inclination to the nearest 30 minutes

When 30 minute accuracy is required, use the

vernier scale (0 -- 60 minutes with 10 minute incre-

ments).

1. Read inclination at verniers center line --

26° + __  , circled. (Fig 21)

1211

Figure 19

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 20

Figure 23

TO EYE

4 -- Inclination & Percent Grade Measurement

Strike & dip measurements are planar measurements

taken when direct contact is made with the outcropping.

5.1 Strike Measurement

Strike is the direction of a line that is formed by an inter-

section of an imaginary horizontal plane and an inclined

surface that is being measured.

1. Open both the cover and large sight until both extend in

a straight line.

2. Place transit along a horizontal line on the inclined rock

surface. (Fig 26)

!Hint: Place on a writing tablet to extend the horizontal line.

3. Hold level by centering bubble in the round level.

4. Read strike angle at either the N or S tip.

Some people recommend the strike measurement be the largest angle out of N and S, so

that there is no confusion between the strike and dip angle.

5.2 Dip Measurement

Dip is the vertical angle (inclination) of the rock surface, measured from horizontal.

1. Open the cover and large sight until they both extend in a straight line.

4.2.a Height Measurement Using Vertical Angles

1. Sight inclination, as described in section 4.2.

2. Apply height calculation as shown in figure 24A or 24B.

Note: Do not calculate tangent of an angle by adding tangents of two smaller angles.

Example: Tan(60°) $Tan(30°) + Tan(30°) Find Tan(60°) from a table, use a calculator, or

step back until angle of inclination is less than 45°, then use tangent table on the GEO lid.

4.2.b Height Measurements Using % Grade

1. Sight % grade using level or sloping ground, same as in Figures 24A & 24B.

2. Apply height calculation, as show in figures 25A & 25B.

1413

Below Object Base

Height = (TanA - TanB) x Distance

Example: A = 38°, B = 10°& Distance = 75 ft.

Height = (Tan38°- Tan10°) x 75

Height = (.781 - .176) x 75

Height = (.605) x 75

Height = 45.38 ft. = 45

Above Object Base

Height = (TanA + TanB) x Distance

Example: A = 36°, B = 10°& Distance = 50 ft.

Height = (Tan36°+ Tan10°) x 50

Height = (.727 + .176) x 50

Height = (.903) x 50

Height = 45.15 ft. = 45

Above Object Base

Height = (A + B) x Distance

Example: A = 72.7%, B = 17.6% & Distance = 50 ft.

Height = (72.7% + 17.6%) x 50

Height = (.903) x 50

Height = 45.15 ft. = 45

Below Object Base

Height = (A - B) x Distance

Example: A = 78.1%, B = 17.6% & Distance = 75 ft.

Height = (78.1% - 17.6%) x 75

Height = (.605) x 75

Height = 45.38 ft. = 45

Figure 25A Figure 25B

Figure 24A Figure 24B

Height Measurement

Above Object Base

Height Measurement

Below Object Base

Figure 26

5 -- Strike & Dip Measurement

2. Stand on top, or behind the lineation and face the

direction of the plunge.

3. Hold compass at waist level and look down through the long

sight, aligning the pencil with the long sight. (Fig 29)

4. When bubble is centered in the round level, read the

trend at S end of the needle.

6.2 Plunge Measurement

Plunge is the inclination between the lineation and a

horizontal line.

1. Move to the side of the lineation, or right angles to its

trend.

2. Open both the cover and large

sight until they extend in a straight line.

3. Measure plunge using a Brunton non-

magnetic tripod, or by holding the transit

in your hand. (Fig. 30)

A United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map is a 2-dimensional drawing of 3-

dimensional terrain. Hills, valleys, ridges, cliffs and other terrain are represented through a

series of contour lines. Each line represents constant elevation in feet or meters above sea

level. Find the contour interval in the legend of the topographic map. With practice, youll

begin to recognize contours, labeling and identify passable routes.

Figure 29

2. Place GEO on its side and along on the rock surface, so

the vernier scale is at the bottom. (Fig 27)

3. Adjust vernier until bubble is centered in long level.

4. Read dip angle at the verniers center line, bottom scale.

5.3 Dip Measurement using Hinge Inclinometer

This method uses the lid hinge inclinometer.

1. Place transit hinge next to the outcropping. (Fig 28)

2. Adjust cover to the angle of the outcropping.

3. Hold level by centering bubble in the round level.

4. Read dip angle at the

hinge inclinometer scale.

Hint: If the GEO transit is not in a position to view the round

level, use the side/bottom long levels.

5.4 Dip Direction

After measuring dip using the hinge inclinometer, now

measure the dip direction.

1. With hinge next to outcropping and GEO transit level,

measure the dip direction. (Fig 28)

2. Read dip direction at the S tip.

Trend and plunge are usually non-contact linear measurements, unlike strike and dip which

are planar measurements. However, both methods provide similar information.

6.1 Trend Measurement

Trend is the direction that the lineation points downward (plunges).

1. Place a pen, pencil, or anything straight in the direction the lineation points down (plunges).

1615

Figure 28

Figure 27

Figure 30

6 -- Trend & Plunge Measurement

7 -- GEO Transit & Topographic Map Use

1. Identify three landmarks in the field,

that are identifiable on a topo-map.

2. Orient map to true north (see section

7.1)

3. Sight an azimuth to each landmark

and mark them on the map. (Fig 33)

4. Draw a line on the map for each

landmark azimuth.

5. Your position is within the small tri-

angle, or point formed by the intersec-

tion of the three lines. (Fig 33)

8.1 Level

The GEO transit can be used as a level, to run level lines, or to determine points of elevation.

1. Adjust Vernier to 0° inclination, using the vernier

adjustment.

2. Place transit on its side, on an object, or

use the tripod. (Fig 34)

3. Tilt instrument until bubble is centered in the long

level.

8.2 Plumb Bob

1. Suspend the transit in an open position from

the large sight -- See right image figure 35.

2. Use the small sight as the pointer.

7.1 Map Azimuth

It is possible to read a map azimuth from your position

to a destination. Orient your map to true north, then

determine a map azimuth by using the GEO transit.

1. On a USGS topographic map, place a point at a

starting position and an X at a destination.

2. Draw a line connecting both marks.

3. At the starting point, draw a true north line.

(Fig 31)

!# Use true north indicator in the legend, or the

edge of printed topographic map.

4. Adjust GEO for declination.

5. With large sight pointing at true north on the map,

place tranist along edge of printed map.

6. Rotate map and compass until the N points at 0°.

(Fig 31)

The map is aligned to true north. Now, determine the

azimuth from Start to the Destination.

7. Position the GEO transit so the large sight points

at the destination and is next to the azimuth line.

(Fig 32)

8. Read azimuth where the N points.

From the Start position in the field, sight the azimuth determined from the map, and you will

be facing the Destination. See section, 3 - Azimuth Measurement, for help.

7.2 Triangulation

Use Triangulation to find your approximate position, using the GEO and a map. Make sure the

GEO is adjusted for magnetic declination.

1817

Figure 34

Figure 35

Figure 31

Figure 32

Figure 33

Baldy Peak

Boat Ramp

Beaver Falls

Your Position

50°

90°

320°

8 -- Additional Measurements

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