Compaq 312134-B21 - Intel Pentium II Xeon Processor... Bedienungsanleitung

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Since its introduction in February, 1996, the Compaq DLT Tape Array (which uses Compaq

15/30 GB DLT drives) has been an industry leader in backup performance capabilities. The

DLT Tape Array II, which uses 35/70 GB DLT drives, sets new standards in high-speed backup

performance.

Early in 1997, Compaq performed a series of tests to examine the performance of the Compaq

35/70 GB DLT drive and the DLT Tape Array II. The objective of these tests was to find the

highest-performance configurations in a variety of backup scenarios on Compaq servers

running Windows NT and Novell IntranetWare network operating systems.

The Compaq DLT Tape Array II provides high-capacity, high-speed tape storage for use in

local and remote backup strategies. It uses the Compaq 35/70 GB DLT drive, which is

engineered for superior performance. This brief addresses the technical aspects of high-

performance backups that can reach and exceed 165 gigabytes per hour (GB/hr) with off-the-

shelf Compaq hardware.

100

120

140

160

180

Network Backup Local Backup:

Novell IntranetWare Local Backup:

Windows NT

GB/hr

One 100TX Ethernet

connection. Four

concurrent backups

from four clients to

four tape drives

(Test 9).

One backup to

eight tape drives

(Test 2).

Eight concurrent

backups to eight

tape drives

(Test 5).

Figure 1: Maximum results in each backup scenario tested.

Please direct comments regarding this communication to the ECG Technology Communications Group at this Internet

address: TechCom@compaq.com

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(cont.) DLT Tape Array II



ECG075.0997

NOTICE

The information in this publication is subject to change without notice and is provided “AS IS”

WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. THE ENTIRE RISK ARISING OUT OF THE

USE OF THIS INFORMATION REMAINS WITH RECIPIENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL

COMPAQ BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,

PUNITIVE OR OTHER DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING WITHOUT

LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS

INTERRUPTION OR LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION), EVEN IF COMPAQ HAS

BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

The limited warranties for Compaq products are exclusively set forth in the documentation

accompanying such products. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting a further or

additional warranty.

This publication does not constitute an endorsement of the product or products that were tested.

The configuration or configurations tested or described may or may not be the only available

solution. This test is not a determination of product quality or correctness, nor does it ensure

compliance with any federal state or local requirements.

Compaq and ProLiant are registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Netelligent is a trademark and/or service mark of Compaq Computer Corporation.

Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of

Microsoft Corporation.

NetWare and Novell are registered trademarks and IntranetWare, is a trademark of Novell, Inc.

Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation.

DLT is a trademark applied for by Quantum.

Other product names mentioned herein may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their

respective companies.

Compaq DLT Tape Array II:

High-Performance Backup of Enterprise Servers

Second Edition (September 1997)

ECG075.0997

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(cont.) DLT Tape Array II

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ECG075.0997

INTRODUCTION: THE NEED FOR SPEED

As companies migrate to standardized server solutions, there are significant changes in

backup/recovery paradigms. The five-days-a-week, nine-hours-a-day operation has expanded to

seven days a week and 24 hours a day. Backups must be performed concurrently (live) or

during very small scheduled outage windows. In either case, the backup must be performed in a

minimum amount of time: Speed is essential.

With the size of data sets and databases approaching and exceeding the terabyte mark,

customers require improved performance for large backups. The chart below illustrates typical

peak server backup speeds for the last five years. Today, Compaq passes 165 gigabytes per

hour (GB/hr) with off-the-shelf technology.

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

GB/hr

Figure 2: Backup speed improvement in the last five years.

The 1997 figure represents results achieved by Compaq.

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(cont.) DLT Tape Array II

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ECG075.0997

RESULTS: 165 GB/HR BACKUPS

Testing revealed three important factors in a high-speed backup solution:

•The base hardware capabilities of the system, centering on the PCI bus architecture.

•The speed at which the disk drive storage system can supply data to the tape system

(referred to as feed speed).

•The tape technology selected to perform the backup.

In the tests, the system that provided optimum performance consisted of a Compaq ProLiant

6000 with four or eight drives in a DLT Tape Array II, which was fed data from a pair of

Compaq SMART-2/P Array Controllers and associated SCSI disk drives. This configuration

worked very well for Novell IntranetWare and Microsoft Windows NT network operating

systems.

Test results show the DLT Tape Array II can exceed backup speeds of 150 GB/hr in multiple

operating system environments.

256 MB

Memory

4 Pentium

Pro

Processors

Secondary PCI Bus

Primary PCI Bus

Slots

T T

S S

SCSI

SMART-

Networ

T = 35/70 Gb DLT Drive

S = Storage Unit

Cards Devices

Figure 3: High-speed backup off-the-shelf-solution: ProLiant 6000 test system.

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ECG075.0997

HIGH-SPEED BACKUP RESEARCH

Single and multi-processor systems were used to identify hardware factors that affect backup

performance, including processors, memory, SCSI, and PCI channel bottlenecks. Some tests

were run in a network environment; however, the focus was on local backups, because network

bottlenecks significantly reduce feed speed. Future testing will address this problem and

explore other ways to improve network-based backups.

Listed below are test machine configuration details, along with factors that were taken into

consideration in developing the highest performance configurations.

Processor Quantity

The average backup uses from 6 to 25 percent of a single 200 MHz Pentium Pro (256K cache

version) processor’s power. The lower number is typical when using a single disk or tape drive;

usage percentage grows substantially when striping data across a redundant array of

independent tape drives (RAIT) in a RAIT-5 configuration. All testing was performed on

Compaq ProLiant 5000 and ProLiant 6000 systems so that up to four 200 MHz Pentium Pro

processors could be used. An assumption was made that most large systems would have at least

two processors, and the majority of tests were performed with that number.

Memory

A system with 256 MB of RAM (regardless of the number of processors) was the standard for

all tests, to eliminate the remote possibility of complications due to inadequate RAM.

PCI Bus

Although some testing was done with EISA bus-based systems, the higher throughput of PCI

(up to three times faster) clinched the decision to use it for high-speed backup testing. The 32-

bit x 33 MHz PCI bus peaked at 454 GB/hr in load tests with six Compaq SMART-2/P Array

Controllers. To maximize bandwidth, tests were also performed to determine optimum card

placement in the dual PCI bus system of the ProLiant 5000 and ProLiant 6000. The dual peer-

to-peer PCI buses connect to a common 1,919-GB/hr, or 540megabytes per second (MB/s)

Gunning Transceiver Logic (GTL+) processor bus (the host bus), which permits a path to the

processor that is twice the width of buses in many servers on the market today (Figure 4).

Slots

Pentium Pro

Processors

Host Bus

Memory

Secondary PCI Bus

Host-

to-PCI

PCI-to-EISA

EISA Bus

33 MB/s

133 MB/s 133 MB/s

Primary PCI Bus

540 MB/s

Bridge Bridge

Bridge

Slots

Figure 4: ProLiant 5000 peer-to-peer bus architecture. The ProLiant 5000 has seven PCI slots

and three EISA slots across the two PCI buses (eight total; two are shared).

The ProLiant 6000 has eleven slots: nine PCI and two EISA.

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(cont.) DLT Tape Array II



ECG075.0997

The dual peer-to-peer buses provide throughput that is superior to that of single PCI-buses

typical of smaller servers. Many dual buses are stacked buses. They use a PCI-to-PCI-bridge,

which feeds one PCI bus to the other and then goes through a host-to-PCI-bridge to get to the

host bus (Figure 5). Although this permits the use of additional cards by providing more slots, it

does not increase performance. In contrast, the additional PCI card space in the ProLiant 5000

and ProLiant 6000 permits use of multiple SMART-2/P Array Controllers, multiple SCSI cards

for tape drives, and multiple network interface cards. All of these devices run at peak PCI

speeds, coexisting with minimal bottlenecks in performance. Although the PCI bus is rated at

133 MB/second, that is a burst data transfer speed. Actual measurements are typically from 60

MB/second to a maximum sustained peak of about 100 MB/second.

PCI-to-PCI

Bridge

Processors Memory

Host Bus

Host-to-PCI

Bridge

PCI Bus

133 MB/s

PCI Bus 133 MB/s

Slots

Figure 5: PCI-to-PCI bridge architecture.

Feed Speed

The disk drive subsystem is a critical component in high-speed backups. There is a direct

relationship between the number of disk drives in the array and the speed at which the array can

provide data to the processor (more drives allow greater speed). There is also a direct

relationship between the number of RAID controllers and performance (more is better). For

example, a server using a single SCSI card to access hard disks is limited to 10, 20 or 40 MB/s,

depending on the type of SCSI cards and drives in use. On the other hand, an array controller

can often deliver the maximum limit of performance that the PCI bus can deliver: 133 MB/s.

The Compaq SMART-2/P Array Controller is the best choice. It has two channels, and a

minimum of four drives per channel should be used for high performance. If only six drives are

available, the best performance will be achieved by assigning three drives to each channel.

Adding a fourth drive to each channel improves performance significantly. Adding more than

four drives per channel makes only a minor improvement in throughput, although it does add

capacity.

Tests were performed with an assortment of narrow and wide drives ranging in size from 2 to 9

gigabytes (GB). Superior performance was seen on the Compaq Fast-Wide 2 GB, 4 GB and 9

GB drives. See Test 12 for more information.

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ECG075.0997

Data Set

To simulate the types of file structures and data mixtures customers typically want to back up,

mixes of data types included large files, large numbers of files, and large numbers of directory

structures.

The size of a data set can affect backup speed. With a data sample of less than 1 GB,

performance is sometimes affected by the tape drive size, as well as the tape drive cache and

disk cache. For example, a 32-MB file might appear to have been backed up in less than 1

second, simply because it went to the 8-MB cache in each of the four tape drives of the array.

With data sets from 1 GB to 1 terabyte, performance was found to remain constant. The

minimum test data set size for this project was 2 GB.

Compression

Hardware data compression is built into the 35/70 GB DLT drive. The default setting is to

compress data. Compression has a direct impact on backup performance. Tests were performed

with 2:1 and 4:1 compressible data sets, to simulate the most common levels of compressibility

in actual working environments. Highly random sets of data may be less compressible, while

large empty databases may be compressible to much higher levels. Determine how

compressible the data sets are by testing them, usually by observing the speed of backup that

the backup program reports. (The backup programs used for these tests [Cheyenne ARCserve

and JetServe] report the compressibility of the data set being backed up. This number is

reported to the backup application by the drive.) See Test 6 for more information.

Backup Types

Two types of backup techniques are generally available: image and by file.

In image backups, the backup program looks at the disk drive or file system as a single unit and

takes a snapshot of it, backing it up in one session. Image is usually the fastest method of

backup and restore for an entire file system; however, some image backups can only be restored

as an entire unit, meaning the entire backup must be restored to obtain a single file.

By file backups are made on a file-by-file basis, retaining the information needed to retrieve a

single file from the backup tape and restore it to the correct location on the system. The by file

method usually takes much longer than the image method, because the full path/directory

information is saved with each file. Nevertheless, it permits random access to the files for faster

retrieval of individual files.

Both methods were included in Compaq’s testing scenarios. It should be noted that some image

backup programs (notably Cheyenne ARCserve for NT) have the ability do a by file restore

from an image backup, but using that functionality usually extends the restore operation time

significantly.

Test Sites

All tests except test 10 were performed on systems located in the Compaq Secondary Storage

Systems Engineering lab. Test 10 was performed on the Max-Storage system in the Compaq

Maximum Configuration Lab. All network loads were performed on lab networks.

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ECG075.0997

TEST 1T

APE DRIVES IN RELATION TO SCSI CARDS 

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ProLiant 5000, two Pentium Pro 200 processors, 256K

cache, 256 MB RAM

80-GB array (two SMART-2/P Array Controllers

with twenty 4-GB drives)

35/70 GB DLT drive(s)

Wide-Ultra SCSI-3 cards

(All Compaq off-the-shelf products)

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To observe the performance of various numbers of tape drives in relation to various numbers of

SCSI cards under Windows NT 4.0.

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Of the configurations tested, two SCSI cards driving two 35/70 GB DLT drives offer the fastest

speed. Although a typical configuration (two SCSI cards driving four 35/70 GB DLT drives)

tested two percent slower, it doubles the capacity of the backup, and is therefore recommended

to avoid tape changes during the backup of large data sets. Tape change delays might easily

offset any performance advantage of using the smaller two-drive configuration.

There is no benefit to using a separate SCSI card for each drive when using the Wide-Ultra

SCSI Controller (part number 272514-001). The bandwidth of this card can easily drive two

35/70 GB DLT drives. On a system with only Fast-Wide SCSI Controllers (part number

199533-001), splitting the four drives among four cards will help somewhat. It is also evident

that image backups are considerably faster in a multi-drive configuration.

The ProLiant 5000 uses the slower Fast/Wide technology on its single embedded SCSI

controller. It is recommended that this be used only for slower devices, not for multiple tape

drives. The ProLiant 6000 has two embedded Wide-Ultra SCSI Controllers, of which the B-

port is available for use with externally mounted tape devices. The A port can also be used;

however, an optional cable is required.

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(cont.) DLT Tape Array II

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ECG075.0997

1 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 4

Image Backup Image Restore By File Backup By File Restore

GB/hr

Figure 6: Performance results from tests comparing various proportions of

53c875 SCSI cards to DLT drives (shown at the bases of the columns).

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Image Backup/Restore

1 1 34.38 21.89

1 2 51.91 31.09

2 2 56.54 56.54

2 4 51.91 31.15

4 4 49.73 30.21

Backup/Restore by File

1 1 34.95 31.79

1 2 45.51 47.89

2 2 44.96 59.00

2 4 44.96 57.62

4 4 43.13 58.53

Table 1: Test data for tape drives versus SCSI card test



Windows NT.

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

ECG075.0997

TEST 2T

APE DRIVES IN RELATION TO SCSI CARDS 

NOVELL INTRANETWARE 151 GB/HR BACKUP

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ProLiant 6000, three Pentium Pro 200 processors, 512 K

cache, 384 MB RAM

224-GB array (four SMART-2/P Array Controllers

with fifty-six 4-GB drives)

35/70 GB DLT drive(s)

Wide-Ultra SCSI-3 cards

(All Compaq off-the-shelf products)

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To observe the performance of various numbers of tape drives in relation to various numbers of

SCSI cards under Novell IntranetWare 4.11 on a very high-performance backup server

configuration.

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In a typical DLT Tape Array II solution, two SCSI cards driving four 35/70 GB DLT drives

offer a reasonable backup speed (121 GB/hr). A configuration of four SCSI cards and eight

35/70 GB DLT drives provides very high speed (151.58 GB/hr) and large capacity (more than

560 GB on a single set of mounted tapes). At 2:1 compression, storage capacity reaches 1.12

terabytes.

Restore speeds varied, but were generally about 60 GB/hr.

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PNY

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OLT

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Transcend

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LaCie

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Thunderbolt

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Panasonic

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Intel

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LaCie

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Spectra Logic

Spectra Logic T-Series Spectra T50e Bedienungsanleitung

Panasonic

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Tabernus

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Rocstor

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HP P9000 Bedienungsanleitung

Western Digital

Western Digital Ultrastar Data60 Bedienungsanleitung