Cooper Bussmann VERSION 1.6 BU-945U-E 802.11 DSSS Bedienungsanleitung

Cooper Bussmann

BU-945U-E 802.11 DSSS

Wireless Ethernet & Device Server

User Manual

Version 1.6

3A1582Rev1.6

Read and

Retain

for Future

Reference

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Cooper Bussmann Wireless Ethernet & Device Server BU-945U-E 802.11 DSSS User Manual

Cooper Bussmann Application Engineering

• Phone 8:00 a.m - 5:00 p.m. Central, M-F (636) 527-1270

• Fax: (636) 527-1607

• E-mail: FuseT[email protected]

Thank you for your selection of the BU-945U-E Wireless Ethernet Modem. We trust it will give you many years of valuable service.

ATTENTION!

Incorrect termination of supply wires may cause internal damage and will void warranty. To ensure your BU-945U-E enjoys a long life.

Double check ALL connections with the user manual before turning the power on.

CAUTION:

To comply with FCC RF Exposure requirements in section 1.1310 of the FCC Rules, antennas used with this device must be installed to provide a

separation distance of at least 20cm from all persons to satisfy RF exposure compliance.

DO NOT:

• Operate the transmitter when someone is within 20cm of the antenna

• Operate the transmitter unless all RF connectors are secure and any open connectors are properly terminated.

• Operate the equipment near electrical blasting caps or in an explosive atmosphere

All equipment must be properly grounded for safe operations. All equipment should be serviced only by a qualified technician.

FCC Notice:

This device complies with Part 15.247 of the FCC Rules.

Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

1) This device may not cause harmful interference and

2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

This device must be operated as supplied by Cooper Bussmann. Any changes or modifications made to the device without the written consent of

Cooper Bussmann may void the user’s authority to operate the device.

End user products that have this device embedded must be installed by experienced radio and antenna personnel, or supplied with non-standard

antenna connectors, and antennas available from vendors specified by Cooper Bussmann. Please contact Cooper Bussmann for end user antenna

and connector recommendations.

Notices: Safety

Exposure to RF energy is an important safety consideration. The FCC has adopted a safety standard for human exposure to radio frequency

electromagnetic energy emitted by FCC regulated equipment as a result of its actions in Docket 93-62 and OET Bulletin 65 Edition 97-01.

FCC Notice:

• Part 15 – This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part15 of the FCC rules

(Code of Federal Regulations 47CFR Part 15). Operation is subject to the condition that this device does not cause harmful interference.

• Notice any changes or modifications not expressly approved by Cooper Bussmann could void the user’s authority to operate this equipment.

This Device should only be connected to PCs that are covered by either FCC DoC or are FCC certified.

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Important Notice

Cooper Bussmann products are designed to be used in industrial environments, by experienced industrial engineering personnel with adequate

knowledge of safety design considerations.

Cooper Bussmann radio products are used on unprotected license-free radio bands with radio noise and interference. The products are designed

to operate in the presence of noise and interference, however in an extreme case, radio noise and interference could cause product operation

delays or operation failure. Like all industrial electronic products, Cooper Bussmann products can fail in a variety of modes due to misuse, age, or

malfunction. We recommend that users and designers design systems using design techniques intended to prevent personal injury or damage

during product operation, and provide failure tolerant systems to prevent personal injury or damage in the event of product failure. Designers must

warn users of the equipment or systems if adequate protection against failure has not been included in the system design. Designers must

include this Important Notice in operating procedures and system manuals.

These products should not be used in non-industrial applications, or life-support systems, without consulting Cooper Bussmann first.

1. A radio license is not required in some countries, provided the module is installed using the aerial and equipment configuration described in the

BU-945U-E Installation Guide. Check with your local distributor for further information on regulations.

2. Operation is authorized by the radio frequency regulatory authority in your country on a non-protection basis. Although all care is taken in the

design of these units, there is no responsibility taken for sources of external interference. Systems should be designed to be tolerant of these

operational delays.

3. To avoid the risk of electrocution, the aerial, aerial cable, serial cables and all terminals of the BU-945U-E module should be electrically

protected. To provide maximum surge and lightning

protection, the module should be connected to a suitable earth and the aerial, aerial cable, serial cables and the module should be installed as

recommended in the Installation Guide.

4. To avoid accidents during maintenance or adjustment of remotely controlled equipment, all equipment should be first disconnected from the

BU-945U-E module during these adjustments. Equipment should carry clear markings to indicate remote or automatic operation. E.g., "This

equipment is remotely controlled and may start without warning. Isolate at the switchboard before attempting adjustments."

5. The BU-945U-E module is not suitable for use in explosive environments without additional protection.

6. The BU-945U-E Operates using the same Radio frequencies and communication protocols as commercially available off-the shelf equipment.

If your system is not adequately secured, third parties may be able to gain access to your data or gain control of your equipment via the radio

link. Before deploying a system make sure you have considered the security aspects of your installation carefully.

GNU Free Documentation License:

Cooper Bussmann is using a part of Free Software code under the GNU General Public License in operating the “BU-945U-E” product. This

General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation’s code and to any other program whose authors commit by using it. The

Free Software is copyrighted by Free Software Foundation, Inc. and the program is licensed “As is” without warranty of any kind. Users are free to

contact Cooper Bussmann for instructions on how to obtain the source code used in the “BU-945U-E.”

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License."

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1.1 NETWORK TOPOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1.2 GETTING STARTED QUICKLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

CHAPTER 2 - INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

2.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

2.2 ANTENNA INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Bench test and Demo System setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Plant and Factory Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Line-of-Sight Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Installation tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Omni-directional antennas (dipole and collinear) . . . . . . . . .11

Yagi directional antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

2.3 POWER SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

2.4 SERIAL CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

RS232 Serial Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

DB9 Connector Pinouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

RS485 Serial Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2.5 DISCRETE (DIGITAL) INPUT/OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

CHAPTER 3 - OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

3.1 START-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

“Access Point” Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

“Client” Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Link Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

How a Link connection is lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Roaming Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

LED Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

3.2 SELECTING A CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

802.11 (900 MHz) Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Radio Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Throughput and Repeaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

3.3 CONFIGURING THE UNIT FOR THE FIRST TIME . . . . . . . . .20

Default Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Accessing Configuration for the first time . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Method 1 - Set PC to same network as BU-945U-E . . . . . .21

Method 2 - Set BU-945U-E Network

address to match the local network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

3.4 QUICK START . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

3.5 NETWORK CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Network Settings Webpage Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Security Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

3.6 NORMAL OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Transparent Bridge Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Router Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

3.7 RADIO CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Channel Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

3.8 DHCP CLIENT CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

3.9 DHCP SERVER CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

3.10 DNS SERVER CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

3.11 SPANNING TREE ALGORITHM / REDUNDANCY . . . . . . . .31

3.12 MULTIPLE AP REPEATER MESH NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . .32

Example – Extending range using WDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Example - Roaming with WDS Access Points . . . . . . . . . . .35

Example – Adding Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Example – WDS Routed Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

WDS Connections: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

3.13 ROUTING RULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

3.14 WIRELESS MESSAGE FILTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

MAC Address Filter Configuration: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

IP Address Filter Configuration: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

ARP Filter Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

3.15 SERIAL PORT CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

RS-232 PPP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Serial Gateway (Server/Client/Multicast) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Serial Gateway (Modbus - Modbus RTU to TCP) . . . . . . . . .45

Modbus TCP to RTU Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Serial Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Multicast Pipe Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

3.16 DIGITAL INPUT/OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

3.17 MODBUS I/O TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

3.18 MODULE INFORMATION CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Module Information Webpage Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

3.19 SYSTEM TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

3.20 REMOTE CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

3.21 CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Setting a BU-945U-E to Factory Default Settings . . . . . . . . .54

Extending a wired network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Connecting two separate networks together . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Extending range of a network with a Repeater hop . . . . . . .56

CHAPTER 4 - DIAGNOSTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

4.1 DIAGNOSTICS CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

4.2 DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION AVAILABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Site Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

4.3 STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Network Traffic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

4.4 INTERNAL DIAGNOSTIC MODBUS REGISTERS . . . . . . . . . .60

Connection Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Statistic Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

4.5 TESTING RADIO PATHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

4.6 UTILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

“Ping” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

”Ipconfig” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

“Arp” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

”Route” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

CHAPTER 5 - SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

APPENDIX A - FIRMWARE UPGRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Web based Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

APPENDIX B - GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

APPENDIX C - POWER CONVERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Power Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

APPENDIX D - IPERF THROUGHPUT TEST - EXT . . . . . . . . . . .74

APPENDIX E - GNU FREE DOC License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Terms and Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

NO WARRANTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

The BU-945U-E Industrial 802.11 Wireless Ethernet module provide wireless connections between Ethernet devices and/or Ethernet wired

networks (LAN’s) and complies with relevant IEEE 802.11 standard.

BU-945U-E 802.11 630mW max power

The BU-945U-E uses a 900 MHz Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) wireless transceiver. There are four bands with each band utilizing

different frequencies and bandwidths dependent on the country and their radio regulations. See Section 3.2 “Selecting a Channel” for a more

detailed overview.

The BU-945U-E unit also provides two serial connections as well as the Ethernet connections. It is possible to use all three data connections

concurrently, allowing the BU-945U-E to act as a Device Server. Wireless connections can be made between serial devices and Ethernet devices.

The BU-945U-E provides connection functionality between serial “Modbus RTU” devices and Ethernet “Modbus TCP” devices. Appropriate driver

applications will be required in the host devices to handle other protocols.

The BU-945U-E has a standard RJ45 Ethernet connection which will operate at up to 100Mbit/sec. The module will transmit the Ethernet

messages on the wireless band at rates between 1 and 54 Mbit/sec & 6 and 54 Mbit/sec depending on model, band, encryption methods, and

radio paths.

1.1 Network Topology

The BU-945U-E is an Ethernet device, and must be configured as part

of an Ethernet network. Each BU-945U-E must be configured as an:

• “Access Point” or “Sta”, “Station”, Client”

Also needs to be configured as a:

• “Bridge” or “Router.”

You can also connect to the BU-945U-E via a RS232 or RS485 serial

port using serial server or PPP (point-to-point) protocol. PPP allows

the BU-945U-E to connect serial communications into the Ethernet

network.

Access Point vs Client

The Access Point unit acts as the “wireless master” unit. The Access Point accepts and authorizes links initiated but client units, and controls the

wireless communications.

Clients (Stations) are slave units and when connected to the Access Point becomes transparent ethernet link.

The first diagram shows a connection between two Ethernet devices using BU-945U-E ethernet modems. In this example one BU-945U-E is

configured as an Access Point and the other as a Client - the Access Point can be connected.

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The second diagram shows an existing LAN being extended using BU-945U-Es. In this example, the Access Point is configured at the LAN end -

although the wireless link will still work if the Client is at the LAN end.

An Access Point can connect to multiple Clients. In this case, the Access Point should be the “central” unit.

An Access Point could be used as a

“Repeater” unit to connect two BU-945U-E

Clients, which do not have direct reliable radio

paths.

There is no “Special” repeater module, any

BU-945U-E can be a repeater and at the same

time, can be connected to an Ethernet devices

or on a LAN

Multiple Access Points can be set-up in a

“mesh” network to provide multiple repeaters.

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Bridge vs. Router

Each BU-945U-E is configured with an IP address for the Ethernet side, and another for the wireless side.

A Bridge connects devices within the same Ethernet network - for example, extending an existing Ethernet LAN. For a Bridge, the IP address for

the wireless side is the same as the Ethernet side.

A Router connects devices on different LANs.

The IP addresses for the Ethernet and wireless sides are different. In this example, the wireless link is part of LAN A, with the Client unit acting as

a Router between LAN A and LAN B.

Alternately, the Access Point could be configured as a Router - the wireless link is then part of LAN B.

If more than two routers are required within the same radio network, then routing rules may need to be configured (refer section 3.12 “ Routing

Rules” for further details). There is no limit to the number of Bridges in the same network - although there is a limit of 128 Client units linked to

any one Access Point.

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1.2 Getting Started Quickly

Most applications for the BU-945U-E require little configuration. The BU-945U-E has many sophisticated features, however if you don’t require

these features, this section will allow you to configure the units quickly.

First, read Chapter 2, “Installation.” The BU-945U-E requires an antenna and a power supply.

• Power the BU-945U-E and make an Ethernet connection to your PC (for further information on how to do this, refer to section

3.3 “Configuring the Unit for the first time”)

• Set the BU-945U-E address settings as per section 3.3 “ Configuring the Unit for the first time”

• Save the configuration - the BU-945U-E is now ready to use.

Before installing the BU-945U-E, bench test the system. It is a lot easier to locate problems when the equipment is all together.

There are other configuration settings, which may or may not improve the operation of the system. For details on these settings, refer to section

3.1 “Start-up.”

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CHAPTER 2 - INSTALLATION

2.1 General

The BU-945U-E modules are housed in a rugged aluminum case, suitable for DIN-rail mounting. Terminals will accept wires up to

2.5 mm2(12 gauge) in size.

All connections to the module must be SELV (Safety Extra Low Voltage). Normal 110-250V mains supply must not be connected to any terminal of

the BU-945U-E module. Refer to Section 2.3 Power Supply.

Before installing a new system, it is preferable to bench test the complete system. Configuration problems are easier to recognize when the

system units are adjacent. Following installation, the most common problem is poor communications caused by incorrectly installed antennas, or

radio interference on the same channel, or the radio path being inadequate. If the radio path is a problem (i.e., path too long, or obstructed), a

higher performance antennas or a higher mounting point for the antenna may rectify the problem. Alternately, use an intermediate BU-945U-E

Module as a repeater.

The BU-945U-E Installation Guide provides an installation drawing appropriate to most applications. Further information is detailed below.

Each BU-945U-E module should be effectively earthed via the "GND" terminal on the back of the module - this is to ensure that the surge

protection circuits inside are effective.

2.2 Antenna Installation

The BU-945U-E module will operate reliably over large distances however the achievable distances will vary with the application, radio model, type

and location of antennas, the degree of radio interference, and obstructions (such as buildings or trees) to the radio path.

The maximum range achievable depends on the radio model, the regulated RF power permitted in your country, and whether you use separate

transmit and receive antennas.

• A BU-945U-E (900MHz) with a single antenna, 6.2 miles can be achieved in USA, Canada (4W ERP) and 10km in Australia, New Zealand

(1W ERP).

To achieve the maximum transmission distance, the antennas should be raised above intermediate obstructions so the radio path is true “line of

sight.” The modules will operate reliably with some obstruction of the radio path, although the reliable distance will be reduced. Obstructions

which are close to either antenna will have more of a blocking affect than obstructions in the middle of the radio path.

The BU-945U-E modules provide a diagnostic feature which displays the radio signal strength of transmissions (refer Chapter 4 “Diagnostics”).

Line-of-sight paths are only necessary to obtain the maximum range. Obstructions will reduce the range, however may not prevent a reliable path.

A larger amount of obstruction can be tolerated for shorter distances. For short distances, it is possible to mount the antennas inside buildings. An

obstructed path requires testing to determine if the path will be reliable - refer the section 6 of this manual.

Where it is not possible to achieve reliable communications between two BU-945U-E modules, then a third BU-945U-E module may be used to

receive the message and re-transmit it. This module is referred to as a repeater. This module may also have a host device connected to it.

The BU-945U-E unit has two antenna connections at the top of the module, allowing two antennas to be fitted to the unit. The left connector

(looking at the front) labeled “RX” is connected only to the internal wireless receiver. The right connector labeled TX/RX is connected to both the

transmitter and receiver.

Note: Each antenna port has the option to enable /disable the Receive and Transmit functionality by selecting Receive and

Transmit Diversity on the radio page. When only one antenna is used, it must be connected to the TX/RX connector.

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Bench test and Demo System Setup

Care must be taken with placement of antenna in relation to the radios and the other antennas. Strong radio signals can saturate the receiver,

hindering the overall radio communications.

When setting up a Bench test/Demo or a short range system the following considerations should be taken into account for optimum radio

performance and reduced signal saturation.

• If using Demo Omni antennas (BU-DG-900-1 and BU-WH-900) it is recommended that only the Access Point be fitted with an antenna.

• If using Demo Omni antennas on each end, 20dB coax attenuator must be connected in-line with the coax cable.

• If using Demo Omni antennas, modules and antennas must be kept a suitable distance from each other. Check the receive signal strength on

the “Connectivity page” of the module and ensure the level is not greater than -45dB

Demo Whip antennas should not be used in the final installation as the maximum performance of the modem cannot be guaranteed.

If using a BU-DG-900-1 antenna, it is better to keep the antennas at least 3ft (1m) away from the module so as to limit RF saturation.

Plant and Factory Installations

Most installations in industrial plants and factories use single omni-directional antennas. Installations can suffer from “multi-path fading” effects

where multiple reflected radio signals adversely affect the signal strength. This can be checked by moving the antenna a short distance

(10cm or 4 inches) - if the signal increases significantly then there are multi-path effects.

In a “static” installation, where the radio path is not changing, moving an antenna to the position of maximum signal solves this problem. However

where the radio path changes because the BU-945U-E is mounted on moving equipment, or if there is moving equipment in the area, then the

solution is to use two antennas. Because the two connectors are separated, the RF signal at each connector will be different in the presence of

multi-path fading. The BU-945U-E unit will automatically select the higher RF signal.

Generally directional antennas are not normally used in plant and factory installations unless required for increased signal level.

Line-of-sight installations

In longer line-of-sight installations, the range may be increased by using a high gain antenna on the TX/RX connector. However, the gain should

not cause the effective radiated power (ERP) to exceed the permitted value. A second higher gain antenna can be connected to the RX connector

without affecting ERP - this will increase the operating range provided any interference in the direction of the link is low.

Antennas

Antennas can be either connected directly to the module connectors or connected via 50 ohm coaxial cable (e.g., RG58 Cellfoil or RG213)

terminated with a male SMA coaxial connector. The higher the antenna is mounted, the greater the transmission range will be, however as the

length of coaxial cable increases so do cable losses.

The net gain of an antenna/cable configuration is the gain of the antenna (in dBi) less the loss in the coaxial cable (in dB). The BU-945U-E

maximum net gain for US and Canada is 10dB (4W ERP) and 0dB for Australia and NZ (1 W ERP). There is no gain restriction for antennas

connected to the RX connector unless “TX Diversity” is enabled on the Radio page.

The gains and losses of typical antennas are

Antenna BU-945U-E Gain (dBi)

Omni Dipole 0 dB

Omni Collinear 5 or 8 dBi

Yagi Directional 10 – 15 dBi

Cable Loss dB per 30 m / 100 ft

RG58 Cellfoil -9 dB

RG213 -7.4 dB

LDF4-50 -2 dB

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