Cromemco Z80 Bedienungsanleitung

'J- _

InstructIon Manual

[3Cromemeo

in cor p 0rat e d

Specialists in computers and peripherals

2400 CHARLESTON RD., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94043

C3Cromemeo

incorporated

Specialists in computers and peripherals

2400 CHARLESTON RD., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94043

Table of Contents

Pg.No.

Introduction 1

Entry 1

System Stack 1

Command Format 1

Swath Operator 1

Multiple Commands: The After Operator 1

Example 1: Writing Paper Tapes

Example 2: Copying Paper Tapes

Example 3: Multiple Copies of PROMs

Example 4: Initializing UARTs

Example 5: A Timer

Errors and Escapes 3

Input and Output 3

Baud Rates and UART Selection 3

Interrupts 3

Loading the Monitor .4

Using the Monitor .4

COMMANDS 4

Display Memory, DM

Display Registers, DR

Go,G

Go with Breakpoints Set, G/

Initialize Baud Rate, I

Move, M

Nulls, N

Output, 0

Program PROMs, P

Read, R

Substitute Memory, 8M

Substitute Register

SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SH,

SI, SN, SP, SS, SX, SY,

SA', SB', SC', SD', SE', SF', SH'

UART Select, U

Verify, V

Write, W

Program Listing 7

Cross Reference 24

Z80 Monitor

~Introduction

The Z80 Monitor makes it possible to control

computers which use the CROMEMCO zputm from a

terminal keyboard. It includes executive commands to

examine and change memory, make a binary or an

ASCII dump of memory, move and compare blocks

of memory, output a byte of data to any port, read,

write, and punch nulls on binary paper tapes, program

2708 and 2704 PROMs using the CROMEMCO BYTE-

SAVER, and initialize and control both serial ports on

the CROMEMCOTUART.

Transfer of control to a program in memory can

be commanded from the keyboard with up to five

breakpoints set and with the initial contents of the

ZPU registers specified. When a breakpoint is en-

countered during execution, control is transferred

back to the monitor and the contents of all 22 ZPU

registers are stored. These register values can be exam-

ined and changed before execution of the program

is resumed.

Entry Points

The Z80 Monitor has three entry points. A

cold-start entry at EOOO hex selects bank 0 on

CROMEMCO memory boards and UART A on the

'-------"CROMEMCO TUART. It initializes the baud rate of

the UART to match that of the terminal being used. In

addition, it saves the contents of the Z80 registers I,

N (IFF), S (SP) , X (IX) , Y (IY) , A' , B' , C' , D' , E' ,

F' , and H' (HL') in the user-register area which is part

of the system stack. (If the Z80 stack pointer is point-

ing to RAM, then all registers except A and P (PC) will

be saved.) The contents of these registers are restored

when the monitor is exited by means of the GO

command.

The warm-start entry point at E008 hex is pro-

vided so that the monitor can be re-entered without

affecting the memory banks or the UART. The same

registers are saved as for the cold-start entry point.

The third entry point is used by the break-

point facility. Entry here saves the contents of all

registers. Memory banks and UART are unaffected.

System Stack

The monitor does not require the user to

address a RAM board at a special place in memory for

its stack and working storage area. (However, if the

breakpoint facility is used, there must be either RAM

at locations 30, 31, and 32 hex or PROM with the data

C3, 45, EO hex at those locations.) The monitor finds

the highest page of RAM active in the machine and

places its stack and temporary storage area there. At

least 60H or 96 bytes of this page must be reserved for

system use. If the multiple command facility is used,

-------- ---- --

-------- ---

= -- -===-=- ~=

-----~ --.•.. ""-""" ~

each additional command in a command line requires

an additional 20 hex or 32 bytes stack room. (See

Multiple Commands.)

Command Format

The Z80 Monitor is controlled by one and two-

character commands from the terminal keyboard. The

format is free-form with respect to spaces.

In the following, DM is the Display Memory com-

mand and S is the Swath operator (see below). The

four examples are equivalent commands. They display

the contents of 100 hex bytes of memory beginning

with location 1000 hex. (' (CR) , indicates a carriage

return.)

DM1000 10FF (CR)

DM1000S100 (CR)

D M 1000 10FF (CR)

D M 1000 S 100 (CR)

When entering an address as a operand, only the

last four digits typed in are retained. For example,

'321000' is read as '1000'. Therefore, if a wrong digit

is entered, continue typing until the last four digits are

correct.

Only the last two digits typed are retained when a

two-digit number such as a data byte is entered.

Swatl. Operator

There are two ways to specify the address

range of many commands. The first is to simply list

the beginning and ending addresses (and, where

appropriate, the destination address). For example, the

first command below programs the range 0 through

13FF into PROMs starting at E400. The second com-

mand displays the contents of memory between

addresses E400 and E402.

PO 13F F E400

DME400 E402

Another way to do the same thing is to use the

Swath operator, S, to specify the width of the address

range rather than state the ending address explicitly.

PO S1400 E400

DM E400S3

Multiple Commands:

The After Operator

The After operator, , < " can be used to place

more than one command on a command line. All of

Z80 M -~ --- --- - ----=--=-

ODIlOr 5.-= =-- === .: -=

-==.:::..::::.-.=..:.=.::..===.;::.::..:::._-------------

the commands on the command line are executed

before the monitor returns with its prompt' : " for

a new command.

With this feature, the monitor can write an area

of memory onto paper tape preceded and followed by

a sequence of nulls without any undesirable carriage-

returns or prompts inserted by the monitor.

Example 1

where, again, all colons are provided by the monitor. ~

Example 3

Suppose we wish to make three copies of the

same PROM. Assume that the source is in RAM at

location 0 and that we want three identical copies in

PROMs located at E400, E800, and ECOOhex. The

following command line will accomplish this:

Example 4

:POS400 ECOO<:POS400 E800 <:POS400 E400 (CR)

First, we re-initialize the UART by typing the

following:

:1 <:VB (CR)

:VA<:I < :VB (CR)

Time (minutes)

0.035

3.5

7.0

14.0

28.0

56.0

112.0

Number of

Bytes (hex)

640

C80

1900

3200

6400

C800

After entering one of these commands on the

console connected to UART A, push CARRIAGE-

RETURN on the other terminal until the monitor

prompt' : ' appears.

Either of the following will initialize the baud

rate of a terminal connected to UART B of the

TUART:

Example 5

Assume that we would like to take a brief nap to ~

refresh ourselves but have no alarm clock. Assume

further that two beeps of the console bell spaced 2.1

seconds apart are sufficient to wake us and that the

console can run at 300 baud. Since the Display Mem-

ory command takes 63 characters to display 10 hex or

16 bytes of memory, at 300 baud it takes 2.1 seconds

or 0.035 minutes to display 10 hex bytes.

Example 2

Assume that we are using a CROMEMCO TUART

I/O card with a console connected to UART A and

with a paper tape reader and punch connected to the

input and output, respectively, of UART B. Assume

that the baud rate of UART B has already been set to

that of the reader and punch. (See Baud Rates pg. 3.)

We can copy a paper tape by switching the current

UART to B, reading the tape into a memory buffer,

writing a leader, writing the buffer to the punch, and

finally switching the current UART back to A, the

console, by typing:

Assume that the terminal being used is a teletype-

writer with paper tape punch. In order to write the

contents of 400 hex bytes starting at 100 hex with a

leader of 95 hex nulls and a trailer of 80 nulls, type:

:N80 <:W100 S 400 <:N 95 (CR)

:VA < :WOS2000 < :N80 < :ROS2000 < :VB (CR)

where the colons are prompts provided by the monitor.

Turn on the paper tape punch after typing the carriage-

return in order to avoid writing it onto the tape.

There are several points to be made about the use

of the After operator:

(a) The order of execution of the commands is

from right to left. Hence, the name 'After' and the

shape' < '.

(b) The After operator is logically equivalent to a

carriage-return. Anywhere a carriage-return can reason-

ably appear in a command, the After operator may be

used instead. However, no commands in the line are

executed until an actual carriage-return is typed.

multiple-command line, it must be the last command

executed, i.e., the first command typed.

(d) Each additional command on a line adds from

10 to 20 hex bytes to the system stack size.

In this case, we can leave the reader and punch on

all the time. There is no question of a carriage-return

from the command line being punched onto the paper

tape since two different UARTs are involved.

Perhaps we forgot to write nulls as a trailer to the

output tape. After the prompt, , : " again appears on

the console, we can rectify this by typing:

:1(CR)

Set the console baud rate to 300 and push the

CARRIAGE-RETURN until the monitor issues its

prompt,': '. ~

To ring the bell, output 7 to port 1. For a nap of

14 minutes:

:VA<:N 80 < : VB (CR) :0 7 1 < :DMOS10 < :07 1 < :DMOS1900 (CR)

Z80 M -., --------- ----~-=-

onIlor = -_ -=--==;;=== _~~

-=:=.;:;...;:;;......=.:.=-=~~.;;;;.,;,~--------------

Errors and Escapes

When the monitor detects an error condition, the

command is aborted, all breakpoints are cleared, and a

'?' is printed followed by the prompt ' : ' for the

next command.

Any command may be aborted from the keyboard

either when the monitor is requesting further input, or

during print-out, by depressing either the ESCAPE or

the ALT MODE key. CONTROL-SEMI-COLON,

CONTROL-SHIFT-'K', and' }' may also work.

The baud rate can also be changed by using the

Initialize command (see page 5).

Some peripheral devices such as paper tape read-

ers or punches may have no keyboards. The TUART

baud rate can also be set by outputting a data byte

from the following table to port 0 for the currently

selected UART or to port 50 hex for the unselected

UART. (To make UART B current, output 80 hex to

port 4. For UART A, output 0 to port 54 hex. UART

selection can also be accomplished by means of the

monitor's UART command, U).

Interrupts

The baud rate can be octupled by outputting 10

hex to port 2 for the selected UART or to port 52

hex for the other UART. Outputting 0 to these ports

brings the baud rate back to normal.

The monitor can be used to enable interrupts in

the Z80. This is done by changing the value of the N

mand, SN. (The N register stores the value of the Z80

interrupt flip-flop at the time the monitor is entered.)

Then interrupts will be enabled when one of the Go

commands is given.

Note, however, that the interrupt mask registers

on the TUART must have been set previously, either

by a user program or by the monitor. (If this is not

done, then an immediate interrupt will be generated

because the print buffer is empty.) To mask out all

interrupts output 0 to port 3 for the current UART

and to port 53 hex for the other UART.

The mask bit corresponding to each of the pos-

sible interrupts is given in the following table:

Input and output

The monitor assumes that a data transfer occurs

on I/O port 1. Status flags are transmitted over input

port O.The data-available flag is on bit 6 of input port

O. The transmitter-buffer-empty flag is on bit 7 of

input port O.Both flags are active high.

To use the CROMEMCO TUART with the

monitor, set switches 1, 7, and 9 of the 10-position

TUART switch OFF, all others ON. The currently

selected UART uses I/O port 1 for date transfer and

input port 0 for status flags. The UART which is not

current uses I/O port 51 hex for date transfer and

input port 50 hex for status flags. (The UARTs are

selected by means of the UART command.)

The following locations may be changed for dif-

ferent I/O conventions:

Status port number (00): EOOF, E020

Input data port number (01): E014

Output data port number (01): E027

Input-data-available mask (40): E011

Output-transmitter-buffer-empty mask (80): E022

For active-low status flags change locations E019

and E379 from 28 hex to 20 hex and change location

E120 from 20 hex to 28 hex.

Baud Rates

and UART selection

Baud Rate

110

150

300

1200

2400

4800

9600

Data Byte

When the monitor is entered at EOOOhex, the

cold-start entry point, push CARRIAGE-RETURN

until the monitor responds with:

CROMEMCO ZM1.4

The monitor is capable of selecting 19200, 9600,

4800, 2400, 1200, 300, 150, or 110 baud when used

with the CROMEMCO TUART I/O board.

The maximum number of carriage-returns re-

quired to select any of these baud rates is four. (Two

carriage-returns are required for any UART with a

fixed baud rate.)

Bit Interrupting Device

o Timer 1

1 Timer 2

2 Sens (external)

3 Timer 3

4 Receiver Data Available

5 Transmitter Buffer Empty

6 Timer 4

7 Timer 5 or external

For example, to allow only interrupts from the serial

input port and from Timer 1 on the current UART,

output 11 hex to port 3 and 0 to port 53 hex.

Z80M -. --------------=

-=.:~..::.:.::.o::..:;n~I;;;;.;:;..lo..;;..;:r~ =_- ' ....::_

Loading the Monitor

The paper tape can be loaded into RAM and

thence into PROM as follows.

Temporarily address a RAM card at EOOO hex.

Address the BYTESA VER card at some other address,

say AOOOhex. Place an erased 2708 in PROM position 1

(A400 hex).

Enter the following loader program via the front

panel switches at any convenient address. Since' it

only contains relative jumps, it will execute anywhere

in memory without change. The places that may need

to be altered for different I/O conventions are under,

lined.

CARRIAGE-RETURN twice. The monitor will then ~

respond:

CROMEMCO ZM1.4

followed by a prompt' : '. The monitor is then ready

to accept commands from the keyboard.

COMMANDS

DISPLA Y MEMORY

[1] DM beginning-addr ending-addr (CR)

P EOOO S 400 A400 (CR)

Align the first byte of data on the paper tape over

the read sensors of the paper tape reader. Begin execu-

tion of the loader program and then turn on the reader.

After the tape is read, stop the reader.

If necessary, change the monitor locations indi-

cated above to fit your I/O conventions.

Execute the monitor starting at location EOOO

hex. Depress carriage return several times to set the

baud rate to suit your terminaL The monitor will now

program itself into the PROM at A400. Turn on the

BYTESA VER program power switch and enter the

following command:

21 00 EO

DB 00

E6 40

28 FA

DB 01

18 F4

LD HL, OEOOOH

LOOP: IN A, (STATUS)

AND DAV

JR Z, LOOP

IN A, (DATA)

LD (HL), A

INC HL

JR LOOP

DM beginning-addr S swath-width (CR)

The contents of memory are displayed in hexa-

decimal form. Each line of the display is preceded by

the address of its first byte. Example:

:DMI00 S3

0100: C3 34 7F

DISPLAY REGISTERS

[2] DR (CR) ~

When the monitor is re-entered from a breakpoint,

the contents of all the Z80 registers are stored in an

area called the user-register area. (When the monitor is

entered via reset or the warm-start entry point, all

registers except A, B, C, D, E, F, HL, and P are saved

in the user-register area. However, if the stack pointer

is pointing to RAM, then all but A and P will be saved.)

DR causes these stored registers to be displayed

in the following format:

If the PROM programs correctly, the monitor will

respond with a line feed and the prompt' : '. Turn off

the program power switch and the computer power

switch. Re-address the BYTESA VER to EOOO and

move the monitor PROM to PROM location O. Change

the RAM address to something other than EOOO. You

are then ready to use the monitor in PROM.

using the Monitor

Set the power-on jump switch on the Cromemco

ZPU card to E (1110 binary). Whenever the computer is

reset, control will then immediately pass to the monitor.

If the ZPU is used with the Cromemco TUART

I/O card, depress CARRIAGE-RETURN two to four

times. This will set the UART on the serial interface

card to the baud rate of the terminal being used.

When used with a serial interface card with baud

rate fixed to that of the terminal, simply depress

A=OI B=12 C=34 D=56 E=78 F=9A HL=BCDE

I=FO N=OO P= 1234 S=5678 X=9ABC Y=DEFO

A'23 B'45 C'67 D'89 E'AB F'CD HL'EFOI

If interrupts were enabled when the monitor was

entered, then N=1. Otherwise, N=O.

The flag registers, F and F', are packed as follows:

S,Z,x,H x,P/V,N,C

i.e., sign, zero, (unknown), half-carry, (unknown),

parity or overflow, subtraction, and carry flags.

[3] G (CR) ~

The Z80 registers are loaded with the values saved

in the user-register area. (These are the values displayed

with the DR command.) Execution then resumes at

Z80 M_I -------------=--=--

OnIor == -=-===:=::~====-::==

'=='= ~ =:s--=- :::: ~~-=-

-==.;:~~.;;;.;",;;;;.;:~;;;....;....;;,---------------

the location contained in the user-pro gram-counter, P.

[4] G startmg-addr (CR)

This command is exactly like [3] except that the

user-program-counter, P, is first loaded with starting-

address. Thus, execution begins at starting-address.

GO WITH BREAKPOINTS SET

[5] G / breakpoint-addr-1 breakpoint-addr-2 ... (CR)

[6] G starting-addr / brkpt-addr-1 brkpt-addr-2 ... (CR)

Commands [5] and ] 6] are like [3] and [4],

respectively, except that breakpoints are set at

breakpoint-address-1, breakpoint-address-2, etc.

When a breakpoint is encountered in the execu-

tion of the user program, the monitor is re-entered. All

registers are saved in the user register area (which is

part of the system stack), the address of the breakpoint

is printed, and all breakpoints are cleared (i.e., the user

program is restored to its original state). Finally, the

prompt, , : ' is issued for the next command from the

keyboard. Note the following about the use of break-

points:

(a) Breakpoints can only be set in programs resid-

ing in RAM. This is because the monitor inserts a RST

48 instruction (F7 hex) at each breakpoint location.

(The original contents of these locations are saved so

that they can later be restored.)

(b) Up to five breakpoints can be set. If an

attempt is made to set a sixth breakpoint, the monitor

will print a question mark to indicate error, erase all

breakpoints, and prompt for a new command.

a 3-byte jump instruction at location 30 hex. This

means that locations 30, 31, and 32 hex are not avail-

able to the user program when breakpoints are used.

(d) The monitor temporarily uses ten bytes on

the user's stack in executing a breakpoint. The area

reserved for the user's stack must, therefore, be at least

ten bytes larger than that required for the user's

program.

(e) If breakpoints are set in a program and the

computer is reset and the monitor re-entered before

any breakpoint is reached in the execution of the pro-

gram, then the breakpoints will have to be removed

from the program by means of the Substitute Memory

command, SM. However, if any breakpoint is reached,

all breakpoints are automatically cleared by the

monitor.

INITIALIZE BAUD RATE

[7] I (CR)

After the CARRIAGE-RETURN is typed, change

the baud rate of the terminal to the desired value and

then push the CARRIAGE-RETURN until the monitor

responds with its prompt, , : '.

The monitor is capable of selecting 19200, 9600,

4800, 2400, 1200, 300, 150, or 110 baud when used

with the Cromemco TUART I/O board. The maximum

number of carriage-returns required to select any of

these baud rates is four.

The command is particularly useful for setting

the baud rate of the second serial port on the TUART.

(See Multiple Commands.)

MOVE

[8] M source-addr source-end destination-addr (CR)

M source-addr S swath-widthdestination-addr (CR)

Move the contents of memory beginning with

source-address and ending with source-end to destina-

tion-address. After the move, the monitor verifies that

source and destination are the same. This will result in

a print-out of discrepancies which are not really errors

after certain types of overlapping moves. However, this

print-out can be terminated by depressing ESCAPE

or ALT MODE.

The Move command can be used to fill a block of

memory with a constant. For example, to enter zeros

between locations 100 and 108, use the Substitute

Memory command to enter 0 at location 100, and then

move 100 through 107 to 101:

M100 107 101

M 100 S 8 101

Care should be taken not to overwrite the system

stack which resides in the top of active RAM. (See

System Stack.)

NULLS

[9] N hex-number (CR)

Write hex-number nulls to the current device.

This command is used to punch leaders and trailers on

paper tape. (See Multiple Commands.)

OUTPUT

[10] 0data-byte port-number (CR)

Outputs data to a port. One use of this command

is to select banks on Cromemco memory boards.

When the monitor is first entered on power-up or reset,

it selects bank 0 and turns off all other memory banks.

Either a software output or a monitor output to

port 40 hex serves to change the bank selection. To

select bank n, output a byte with bit n high. To select

two banks, nand m, output a byte with both bits n

and m high.

Z80 M_I ------------~~

Onl or == --=======~====:'==

~ = -=.:- =~S"-=- ==::-~~

....:;=-.;;...;;......:;;"";,,,;;~...;;;;;;.;;;;.;......;;;..~----------------

Bank

Output byte

Read binary or ASCII input from paper tape

reader or console and store in memory from destination-

address through destination-end. After destination-end

has been filled, the monitor prompts for the next

command.

SUBSTITUTE MEMORY

[13] SMaddress (CR)

For example, the first command selects bank 5 and the

second selects banks 4 and 5.

o20 40

o30 40

PROGRAM

[11] P source-addr source-end destination-addr (CR)

P source-addr S swath-widthdestination-addr (CR)

Program from source-address through source-end

into PROMS beginning at destination-address.

If the length of the source is not a multiple of

400H (1024 decimal) or if the destination does not

begin at 400H boundary, the monitor will reject the

command. (Multiples of 400H end in '000', '400',

'800', or 'COO'.)

Any number of 2708 or 2704 PROMS can be

programmed in the execution of one command as long

as there are enough BYTESAVERS to contain them.

Each PROM is verified with its source after all are pro-

grammed and any discrepancies are printed out. If

there are none, the prompt ' ; , is issued and the

monitor awaits the next command.

Software can be loaded into a PROM in as small

increments as you desire provided it is added to pre-

viously unused areas of the PROM.

This is done by first using the Move command,

M, to transfer the current contents of the PROM down

to RAM, adding the new software to an area of RAM

which corresponds to the unused portion of the PROM

and finally using the Program command, P, to re-

program the PROM with the result.

Although the entire PROM must always be pro-

grammed, it never hurts to re-write the same data

over again.

In general, a 1 may be written over a 1, a 0 over

either a 1 or a 0, but the only way to change O'sto l's

is to erase the PROM with appropriate UV light. (See

the BYTESAVER manual for details.)

READ

[12] R destination-addr destination-end (CR)

R destination-addr S swath-width (CR)

Substitute Memory desplays the contents of

address and outputs a dot,' . ',as a prompt for the

substituted value. If no change is desired, type a

space or another dot. Otherwise, enter the new value.

The monitor accepts hex digits until it gets a delimiter,

such as a space, dot, or carriage-return retaining the

last two digits entered as the value. Unless the delimiter

is a carriage-return, the monitor outputs the contents

of the next sequential memory location with a dot

prompt. A carriage-return terminates the command.

SUBSTITUTE REGISTER

[14] S register-name (CR)

N (state of the Z80 interrupt flip-flop), P (PC), S (SP),

A', B', C', D', E', F', H' (HL'), X (IX), or Y (IY).

This command prints the name of the user-register

requested, displays its contents, outputs a dot,' . ',as

a prompt for the substituted value. If no change is

desired, type a space or another dot. Otherwise, enter

the new value. The monitor accepts hex digits until it

gets a delimiter such as space, dot, or carriage-return

retaining the last two digits (four digits for a 2-byte

monitor prints the name and contents of the next

terminates the command.

UART SELECT

[15] U device-name (CR)

Device-name may be A or B. The Cromemco

TUART has two UARTs. When the monitor is entered

via reset, UART A is selected for its input/output

channel. This command allows the user to change the

UART selection. It is often used in the multiple com-

mand mode (see page 2).

VERIFY

[16] V source-addr source-end destination-addr (CR)

V source-addr S swath-width destination-addr (CR)

Andere Handbücher für Z80

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Andere Cromemco Monitor Handbücher

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