HP HP-11C Benutzerhandbuch

Andere Handbücher für HP-11C

1

Inhaltsverzeichnis

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HEWLETT-PACKARD

Getting

Started

(page

165)

Memory

Stack,

LAST

X,

and

Data

Storage

(page

26)

)

Numeric

Functions

page

42)

)

=

Display

Control

(page

67)

)

;

)|

OWNER’S

HANDBOOK

AND

Programming

Basics

(page

74)

PROBLEM-SOLVING

GUIDE

—

Program

Editing

(page

96)

Program

Decisions

and

Control

(page

110)

)

Subroutines

(page

119)

The

Index

Register

(page

127)

)

Applications

Programs

(page

140)

)

Programming

Techniques

(page

206)

)

i

@

HEWLETT

PACKARD

Portable

Computer

Division

1000

N.E.

Circle

Bivd.,

Corvallis,

OR

97330,

U.S.A.

00011-90001

Rev.

G

English

Printed

in

Canada

11/85

i

i

a

i

a

Notice

Hewlett-Packard

Company

makes

no

express

or

implied

warranty

with

regard

to

the

keystroke

procedures

and

Program

material

offered

or

their

merchantability

or

their

fitness

for

any

parti

@

keystroke

proced!

basis,

and

the

entire

risk

as

to

their

quality

and

performance

is

with

the

user.

Should

the

keystroke

procedures

or

program

material

prove

defective,

the

user

(and

not

Hewlett-Packard

Company

nor

any

other

party)

shall

bear

the

entire

cost

of

all

necessary

correction

and

all

incidental

or

consequential

damages.

Hewlett-Packard

Company

shall

not

be

lia!

for

any

incidental

or

consequential

damages

in

connection

with

or

arising

out

of

the

furnishing,

use,

or

performance

of

the

keystroke

procedures

or

program

material.

x

ad

pweweewevevr

ve

eve

ve

ev

eve

ev Yr

YOY

ww

a

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wo

Pe

ew

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YS

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|

HEWLETT

PACKARD

HP-11C

Owner’s

Handbook

and

Problem

Solving

Guide

November

1985

00011-90001

Rev.

G

Printed

in

Canada

11/85

©

Hewlett-Packard

Company

1982

Introduction

Congratulations!

Your

selection

of

an

HP-11C

calculator

with

Continuous

Memory

demonstrates

your

interest

in

quality,

capability,

and

ease

of

use.

This

handbook

describes

the

calculator’s

many

features

and

can

help

you

to

quickly

learn

how

to

use

the

features

you

are

not

already

familiar

with.

Fundamentals,

Programming,

Applications

Programs.

Your

HP-11C

handbook

is

divided

into

three

main

parts.

Parts

I

and

II

cover

the

use

of

keyboard

and

programming

features

you

may

be

familiar

with

if

you

have

used

other

HP

programmable

calculators.

Part

III

provides

you

with

a

variety

of

applications

programs,

plus

some

additional

information

on

fundamental

programming

practices.

However,

before

you

begin

reading

in

any

of

the

three

main

parts,

we

suggest

that

you

gain

some

experience

using

your

HP-11C

by

working

through

the

introductory

material

entitled

Your

HP-11C,

A

Problem

Solver,

on

page

9.

Programming

Sections

in

Brief.

At

or

near

the

beginning

of

each

section

in

part

II

(sections

five

through

nine)

is

a

brief

discussion

of

the

operating

characteristics

covered

in

that

section.

This

information

may

be

all

you

need

to

read

in

the

section

if

you

already

know

how

to

create,

run,

and

edit

programs

on

another

HP

calculator.

If

you

are

new

to

HP

calculators,

you’ll

want

to

also

read

the

remaining

material

in

each

section

for

a

more

tutorial

discussion

and/or

examples

that

highlight

selected

topics.

Additional

Applications.

Also

available

from

many

authorized

Hewlett-Packard

dealers

is

the

HP-11C

Solutions

Handbook.

This

accessory

handbook

contains

a

comprehensive

collection

of

HP-11C

programs

covering

applications

in

mathematics,

statis-

tics,

electrical

engineering,

chemistry,

business,

and

games.

ue

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Contents

Introduction

The

HP-11C

Keyboard

and

Continuous

Memory

Your

HP-11C:

A

Problem

Solver

-

Manual

Solutions

.........+-05+ss

6

1

Programmed

Solutions

.........0.sesseeee

reece

eee

Pie

|

Part

I:

HP-11C

Fundamentals

.....

eae

Gaye

Reise

eiet

15

Section

1;

Getting

Started

Power

On

and

Off

...

Display

Radix

Mark

and

Digit

Separator

Annunciators

.,....

Negative

Numbers

..

Display

Clearing:

(CLx

Running

......eeeee

vers

Overflow

and

Underflow

...

Error

Messages

.........

Low

Battery

Indicator

.

Memory

........e0.000s

Continuous

Memory

Resetting

Memory

..

Keyboard

Operation

...

Primary

and

Alternate

Functions

Clearing

Prefixes

.........

ra

5

|

One-Number

Functions

.

Two-Number

Functions

...

Section

2:

The

Automatic

Memory

Stack,

LAST

X,

and

Data

Storage

The

Automatic

Memory

Stack

and

Stack

Manipulation

. .

26

Stack

Manipulation

Functions

.......

27

Calculator

Functions

and

the

Stack

..

29

Two-Number

Functions

. .

29

Chain

Calculations

..

.

31

LASTX

oo...

eee

eee

32

Constant

Arithmetic

34

4

Contents

Storage

Register

Operations

.................,

37

Storing

Numbers

..

37

Recalling

Numbers

.

38

Storage

and

Recall

Exercises

.

38

Clearing

Data

Storage

Registers

..

38

Storage

Register

Arithmetic

...

.

39

Storage

Register

Arithmetic

Exercises

40

Problams

5

24)ci50

ee

akin

get

sea

e

oases

40

.

42

.

42

Number

Alteration

Functions

.

-

42

One-Number

Functions

..

-

43

General

Functions

...

-

43

Trigonometric

Operations

..

-

45

Time

and

Angie

Conversions

-

46

Degrees/Radians

Conversions

.

47

Logarithmic

Functions

.

-

48

Hyperbolic

Functions

..

.

48

Two-Number

Functions

. »

49

Exponential

..

.

49

Percentages

..

.

49

Polar-Rectangular

Coordinate

Conversions

.

51

Probability

.......

52

Statistics

Functions

.

54

Random

Number

Generator

.

54

Accumulating

Statistics

....

55

Correcting

Statistics

Accumulations

.

58

Mean

......,.......

Standard

Deviation

.

Linear

Regression

.........

Linear

Estimation

and

Correlation

Coefficient

..

Section

4:

Display

Control

Display

Mode

Control

Fixed

Decimal!

Display

Scientific

Notation

Display

.

Engineering

Notation

Display

Keying

In

Exponents

......

Rounding

at

the

Tenth

Digit

ea

a

a

wwe

Contents

5

Part

H:

HP-11C

Programming

Section

5:

Programming

Basics

Whatls

a

Program?

...

Why

Write

Programs?

.

Program

Control

......

Automatic

Memory

Reallocation

Keycodes

and

Line

Numbers

Abbreviated

Key

Sequences

Program

Control

Functions

.

User

Mode

.....c.ccccrveneee

Program

Memory

.....

Interpreting

Keycodes

.

Programming

Operations

Beginning

and

Ending

a

Program

The

Complete

Program

.......

Loading

a

Program

..

Running

a

Program

.

User

Mode

Operation

.

Program

Stops

and

Pauses

Planned

Stops

During

Program

Execution

.

Pausing

During

Program

Execution

.

Unexpected

Program

Stops

.

Labels

..

Problems

.

Section

6:

Program

Editing

..

96

Finding

Program

Errors

..

96

Editing

Functions

...

97

Editing

Example

..

.

98

Single-Step

Execution

of

a

Program

99

Using

[SST]

and

[BST]

in

Program

Mode

100

Modifying

a

Program

Problems

Section

7:

Program

Decisions

and

Control

..

Program

Conditional

Tests

Flags’

cvccsecsaces

Program

Control

..

GoTo

Branching

and

Looping

.

Using

Flags

..

6

Contents

Section

8:

Subroutines

...

Go

To

Subroutine

..

Subroutine

Limits

..

Subroutine

Usage

...

119

119

.

120

121

.

127

127

130

132

134

135

136

136

.

137

Section

9:

The

Index

Register

.

Direct

Index

Register

Functions

.

Indirect

Index

Register

Functions

Loop

Control

Using

[ISG]

. .

Direct

R,

Operations

..

Indirect

R,

Operations

..

Indirect

Program

Control

...

Indirect

Label

Branches

and

Subroutines

.

Indirect

Line

Number

Branches

and

Subroutines

...

.

139

140

140

149

154

Part

III:

Programmed

Problem

Solving

..

Section

10:

Applications

Programs

MatrixAlgebra

...............

0.

cere

Systems

of

Linear

Equations

With

Three

Unknowns

Newton's

Method

(Solution

to

f(x)

=O)

...

Numerical

Integration

by

Discrete

Points

.

Curve

Fitting

Triangle

Solutions

t

Statistics

Chi-Square

Evaluation

...

Finance:

Annuities

and

Compound

Amounts

.

Submarine

Hunt

.

206

Section

11:

Programming

Techniques

. _

Structure

..............e0

206

The

Problem

Statement

+.

206

.

206

The

Algorithm

Flowcharts

.

208

Subroutines

..

210

(isG}

With

(RCL.

211

Datalnput

...

212

Looping

..

214

215

217

217

218

.

218

Flags

..

Random

Numbers

User-Definable

Keys

Storing

Data

...

Selecting

Different

Routines

.

weve

ve

vereyeryeryreyrOyrYrOYrYr

NYY

~~~

we

ww

Contents

7

Appendix

A:

Error

Conditions

Appendix

B:

Stack

Lift

and

LAST

X

Digit

Entry

Termination

..

Stack

LA

vacscceesees

Disabling

Operations

Enabling

Operations

..

Neutral

Operations

...

LASTX

.

Appendix

How

Automatic

Memory

Reallocation

Operates

Converting

Storage

Reyisters

to

Program

Memory

Converting

Program

Memory

to

Storage

Registers

Using

[MEM]

......

0.0

cece

cece

cence

ere

etn

ee

enee

Appendix

D:

Battery,

Warranty,

and

Service

Information

.

Batteries

............-...-

.

230

Low

Power

Indication

.

231

Installing

New

Batteries

...

231

Verifying

Proper

Operation

(Self

Tests)

.

234

Limited

One-Year

Warranty

..

236

What

is

Not

Covered

236

Warranty

for

Consumer

Transactions

in

the

United

Kingdom

Obligation

to

Make

Changes

.

Warranty

Information

...

Obtaining

Repair

Service

in

Europe

International

Service

Information

.

Service

Repair

Charge

...

Service

Warranty

Shipping

Instructions

...

Further

Information

.

When

You

Need

Help

Temperature

Specifications

.......

Potential

for

Radio

and

Television

Interference

(for

U.S.A.

Only)

....-

242

Programming

Techniques

Index

.

243

Function

Key

Index

.......

245

Programming

Key

Index

249

Subject

Index

........--...-

.

251

The

HP-11C

Keyboard

and

Continuous

Memory

=

=

AUTOMATIC

(Bq

Memory

stack

TTT

ITT

pg

ITTT

TTT

TT

Meee

a

a

a

a

x»

Displayed

LASTX

PROGRAM

MEMORY

STORAGE

REGISTERS

Permanent

Shared

Permanent

Shared

[ooo-

|{oea-

JR,L_ro[

JR»

seis

fone

I

:

[oa

|lose-

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[os1-

_|[zor-__|

—

tg

The

basic

program

memory-storage

register

allocation

is

63

lines

of

programming

and

20

data

storage

registers,

plus

the

Index

register

(Rj).

The

calculator

automatically

converts

one

data

storage

register

into

seven

lines

of

program memory,

one

register

at

a

time,

as

you

need

them.

Conversion

begins

with

R

g

and

ends

with

Ro.

eo

@y

UU

Your

HP-11C:

A

Problem

Solver

Your

HP-11C

Programmable

Scientific

Calculator

is

a

powerful

problem

solver

you

can

carry

with

you

almost

anywhere

to

handle

problems

ranging

from

the

simple

to

the

complex,

and

to

remember

important

data.

The

HP-11C

is

so

easy

to

program

and

use

that

it

requires

no

prior

programming

experience

or

knowledge

of

programming

languages.

The

HP-11C

helps

you

to

conserve

power

by

automatically

shutting

itself

off

if

it

is

left

on

and

inactive

for

more

than

8

to

17

minutes.

But

don’t

worry

about

losing

data—any

information

you

have

keyed

into

your

HP-11C

is

saved

by

Continuous

Memory.

We're

different!

Your

Hewlett-Packard

calculator

uses

a

unique

operating

logic,

represented

by

the

key,

that

differs

from

the

logic

in

most

other

calculators.

The

power

in

HP

calculator

logic

becomes

obvious

through

use.

Later

we

will

cover

the

details

of

and

your

HP-11C’s

logic,

but

right

now

let’s

get

acquainted

with

[ENTER]

by

seeing

how

easy

it

is

to

perform

calculations

with

your

HP-11C,

Answers

appear

immediately

after

you

press

a

numerical

function

key.

For

example,

let’s

look

at

the

arithmetic

functions.

The

(4)

key

adds

the

last

entry

to

whatever

is

already

in

the

machine,

and

the

=]

key

subtracts

the

last

entry;

the

[x]

key

multiplies

what’s

in

the

machine

by

the

last

entry,

and

the

[=]

key

divides

by

the

last

entry.

First

we

have

to

get

the

numbers

into

the

machine.

To

do

this,

key

in

the

first

number,

press

[ENTER]

to

separate

the

first

number

from

the

second,

then

key

in

the

second

number

and

press

(+],

[=],

[x],

or

9

10

Your

HP-11C:

A

Problem

Solver

To

get

the

feel

of

your

new

calculator

turn

it

on

by

pressing

the

(ON)

key"

If

any

nonzero

digits

appear,

press

[+]

to

clear

the

display

to

0.0000.

If

four

zeroes

are

not

displayed

to

the

right

of

the

decimal

point,

press

[f][FIX]4

so

your

display

will

match

those

in

the

following

problems.

(All

displays

illustrated

in

this

handbook

are

set

to

the

[FIX]

4

display

setting

unless

otherwise

specified.)

0.0000

Note:

An

asterisk

(*)

flashing

in

the

lower-left

corner

of

the

display

when

the

calculator

is

turned

on

signifies

that

the

available

battery

power

is

nearly

exhausted.

To

install

new

batteries,

refer

to

appendix

D.

Manual

Solutions

It

is

not

necessary

to

clear

the

calculator

between

problems.

But

if

you

make

a

digit

entry

mistake,

press

[)

and

key

in

the

correct

digit.

To

Solve

Keystrokes

Display

9

(ENTER]6

(+

15.0000

9

(ENTER]6

(—

3.0000

9

[ENTER]

6

[x]

54.0000

9

[ENTER]

6

[+]

1.5000

Notice

that

in

the

four

examples:

e

Both

numbers

are

in

the

calculator

before

you

press

(+),

©),

Gd,

e

[ENTER]is

used

only

to

separate

two

numbers

that

are

keyed

in

one

after

the

other.

e

Pressing

a

numerical

function

key,

in

this

case

G),

©),

(x),

or

©),

causes

the

function

to

execute

immediately

and

the

result

to

be

displayed.

*

Note

that

the

[ON]

key

is

lower

than

the

other

keys

to

help

prevent

its

being

pressed

inadvertantly.

~~

—~wvrrewrew

~~

ewer

wee

Oe

ee

Your

HP-11C:

A

Problem

Solver

14

To

see

the

close

relationship

between

manual

and

programmed

problem

solving,

let’s

first

calculate

the

solution

to

a

problem

manually,

that

is,

from

the

keyboard.

Then

we'll

use

a

program

to

calculate

the

solution

to

the

same

problem

and

others

like

it.

Most

conventional

home

water

heaters

are

cylindrical

in

shape.

You

can

easily

calculate

the

heat

loss

from

such

a

tank

using

the

formula

g

=h

X

A

X

T,

where:

qis

the

heat

loss

from

the

water

heater

(Btu

per

hour).

his

the

heat-transfer

coefficient.

Ais

the

total

surface

area

of

the

cylinder.

T

is

the

temperature

difference

between

the

cylinder

and

the

surrounding

air.

Example:

Assume

you

have

a

52-

gallon

cylindrical

water

heater

and

you

wish

to

determine

how

much

energy

is

being

lost

because

of

poor

insulation.

In

initial

measurements,

you

found

an

average

temperature

difference

between

the

heater

surface

and

surrounding

air

of

15

degrees

Fahrenheit.

The

surface

area

of

the

tank

is

30

square

feet

and

the

heat

transfer

coefficient

is

approximately

0.47.

To

calculate

the

heat

loss

of

the

water

heater,

simply

press

the

follow-

ing

keys

in

order.

Keystrokes

Display

15

15.0000

Input

temperature

30

30

difference

(7)

and

area

of

water

heater

(A).

J

450.0000

Calculates

A

x

7.

47

0.47

Heat-transfer

coefficient

(A).

x

211,5000

Heat

loss

in

Btu

per

hour

(hX(AT)).

ic]

0.0000

Clears

display.

12

Your

HP-11C:

A

Problem

Solver

Programmed

Solutions

The

heat

loss

for

the

water

heater

in

the

preceding

example

was

calculated

for

a

15-degree

temperature

difference.

But

suppose

you

want

to

calculate

the

heat

loss

for

several

temperature

differences?

You

could

perform

each

heat

loss

calculation

manually.

However,

an

easier

and

faster

method

is

to

write

a

program

that

will

calculate

the

heat

loss

for

any

temperature

difference.

Writing

the

Program.

The

program

is

the

same

series

of

keystrokes

you

executed

to

solve

the

problem

manually.

Two

additional

instructions,

a

label

and

a

return,

are

used

to

define

the

beginning

and

end

of

the

program.

Loading

the

Program.

To

load

the

instructions

of

the

program

into

the

HP-11C

press

the

following

keys

in

order.

The

calculator

records

(remembers)

the

instructions

as

you

key

them

in.

(The

display

gives

you

information

you

will

find

useful

later,

but

which

you

can

ignore

for

now.)

Keystrokes

Display

MPa

o00-

Places

HP-11C

in

Program

mode.

(Program

annunciator

appears.)

f}CLEAR

[PRGM.

000-

Clears

program

memory.

#)(CBL)[A)

001-42,21,11

Label

“A”

defines

the

beginning

of

the

program.

3

002-

3

to)

003-

°

x

004-

20

§

The

same

keys

you

|

005-

48

>

pressed

to

solve

the

4

006-

4{

problem

manually.

7

007-

7

&

008-

20,

(a

)(RTN

009-

4332

“Return”

defines

the

end

of

the

program.

(a)

[PR

0.0000

Places

HP-11C

in

Run

mode.

(Program

annunciator

is

cleared.)

~we

ww

ee

Oe

~

ww

wee

ew

Your

HP-11C:

A

Problem

Solver

13/14

Running

the

Program.

Press

the

following

keys

to

run the

program.

Keystrokes

Display

16

15

The

first

temperature

difference.

fA

211.6000

The

Btu

heat

loss

you

calculated

earlier

by

hand.

18

(fA

253.8000

The

Btu

heat

loss

for

a

new

temperature

difference.

With

the

program

you

have

loaded,

you

can

now

quickly

calculate

the

Btu

heat

loss

for

many

temperature

differences.

Simply

key

in

the

desired

difference

and

press

[f]

(A).

For

example,

complete

the

table

at

the

right.

The

answers

you

should

see

are

141.0000,

169.2000, 197.4000,

225.6000,

253.8000,

and

282.0000.

Programming

is

that

easy!

The

calculator

remembers

a

series

of

keystrokes

and

then

executes

them

whenever

you

wish.

Now

that

you

have

had

some

experience

in

using

your

HP-11C,

let’s

take

a

look

at

some

of

the

calculator’s

important

operating

details.

Part

I

HP-11C

Fundamentals

a

a

ee

ee

ee

Section

1

Getting

Started

Power

On

and

Off

The

key

turns

the

HP-11C

on

and

off.

And,

to

conserve

power,

the

HP-11C

automatically

turns

itself

off

(time-out)

after

8

to

17

minutes

of

inactivity.

Display

Radix

Mark

and

Digit

Separator

A

radix

mark

is

the

divider

between

the

integer

and

fractional

portions

of

a

number.

A

digit

separator

dis-

tinguishes

the

groups

of

digits

in

a

large

number.

In

some

countries

the

radix

is

a

decimal

point

and

the

digit

separator

is

a

comma,

while

in

other

countries,

the

reverse

is

true.

To

change

the

radix/digit

separator

convention

on

your

HP-11C,

turn

off

the

calculator,

then

hold

down

the

[-]

key,

turn

the

calculator

back

on,

and

release

the

[]

key

(Q)/

(on).

7

12,345,678.91

(oN

™\12.345.678,91

Radix

Mark/Digit

Separator

Exchange

Annunciators

Your

HP-11C’s

display

contains

six

annunciators

that

tell

you

the

status

of

the

calculator

during

certain

operations.

The

annunci-

ators

are

described,

with

the

operations

they

refer

to,

in

the

appropriate

sections

of

this

handbook.

*

USER

fg

GRAD

—

PRGM

Display

Annunciator

Set

16

a

Section

1;

Getting

Started

17

Negative

Numbers

To

make

a

displayed

number

negative—either

one

that

has

just

been

keyed

in

or

one

that

has

resulted

from

a

calculation—

simply

press

[CHS]

(change

sign).

When

the

display

shows

a

negative

number—that

is,

the

number

is

preceded

by

a

minus

sign—

pressing

[CHS]

removes

the

minus

sign

from

the

display,

making

the

number

positive.

Display

Clearing:

[CLxJand

[+

The

HP-11C

has

two

types

of

display

clearing

operations,

[CLx]

(clear

X)

and

[#]

(back

arrow).

When

pressed

in

Run

mode,

[9

}[CLx]

clears

any

displayed

numbers

to

zero.

When

pressed

in

Program

mode,

v]is

stored

in

the

calculator

as

a

program

instruction.

)

is

a

nonprogrammable

function

that

enables

you

to

clear

the

display

in

either

Program

or

Run

mode,

as

follows:

1.

In

Run

mode:

A.

Pressing

[€]

after

executing

almost

any

function

clears

all

digits

in

the

display

to

zero.*

(Executing

almost

any

HP-11C

function

terminates

digit

entry—that

is,

tells

the

calculator

the

number

in

the

display

is

complete—

and

causes

(€]

to

act

on

the

complete

number.)

Keystrokes

Display

12345

12,345

J]

111.1081

cS

0.0000

Pressing

()after

executing

a

function

clears

all

digits

in

the

display

to

zero.

*

Unseen

trailing

digits

of

the

number

in

the

display

may

be

held

internally

and

will

also

be

cleared.