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HEWLETT-PACKARD

COMPANY

4.2A/4.4A

TRAVELING-VVAVE

AMPLIFIER

)

00144·2

OPERATING

AND

SERVICE

MANUAL

MODEL

492A

AND

MODEL

494A

SERIALS

PREFIXED:

010-

TRAVELING-WAVE

AMPLIFIERS

Copy,;gh'

HEWLETT.'ACICA.D

COM'

ANY

1962

lS01

'AGE

MILL

ROAD,

'ALO

ALTO,

CALlFO.NIA,

U.S.A.

Printed:

JAN

1962

Model

492Aj494A

Table

of Contents

Lists

Illustrations

and

Tables

TABLE

CONTENTS

Section

Page

Section

Page

IGENERAL INFORMATION

1-1

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIO

(cont'd)

1-1.

Description

1-1

4-10.

Traveling

Wave

Tube

4-1

1-6.

Instrument

Identification

1-2

4-15.

Grid

Modulation.

4-4

1-8.

Traveling

Wave

Tube

Warranty

1-2

4-17.

Helix Modulation ·.

4-4

4-22.

Constant-Amplitude,

Linear

INSTALLATION

2-1

Sawtooth

Generator

4-5

2-1.

Mechanical

Inspection

2-1

2-3.

Power

Requirements.

2-1

VMAINTENANCE.

5-1

2-5.

Power

Cable.

2-1

5-1.

Introduction.

5-1

2-8.

Installation

2-1

5-3.

Cleaning

the

Air

Filter·

5-1

2-12.

Repackaging

for

Shipment

2-1

5-5.

Test

Equipment .

5-1

5-7.

Repair.

5-3

III

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

3-1

5-8.

Cabinet

Removal

5-3

3-1.

Introduction

3-1

5-10.

Tube

Replacement

5-3

3-3.

Preliminary

Operating

Procedure

3-1

5-12.

Traveling

Wave

Tube

Capsule

3-6.

Helix

Control

3-1

Replacement

5-3

3-8.

Saturation

Power

Output

3-1

5-17.

Changing

the

Frequency

Range

3-12.

Bandwidth

Considerations

3-1

the

492A

494A

5-5

3-14.

Constant

Gain

Constant

Output

5-21.

Adjustments

5-5

Amplification

3-3

5-22.

Excessive

Helix

Current

5-5

3-18.

Buffer

Amplifications

3-3

5-24.

Chassis

Helix

Control

5-5

3-20.

Amplitude

Modulation

3-3

5-26.

Anode Voltage

Control

5-5

3-24.

Pulse

Modulation.

3-6

5-28.

Regulated

Power

Supply

5-5

3-27.

Limited

Phase

Modulation.

3-6

5-30.

Troubleshooting.

5-6

3-29.

Unlimited

Phase

Modulation and

5-32.

Performance

Checks

5-7

Frequency

Shifting .

3-6

5-33.

Gain

Check.

5-7

3-34.

Homodyne

Detection

3-7

5-36.

Output

Power

Check

5-7

3-37.

Frequency

Modulation

3-9

5-39.

Noise

Figure

Check

5-7

5-42.

Hum and

Spurious

Modulation Check·

5-8

)

PRINCIPLES

OPERATION.

4-1

4-1.

Introduction

4-1

REPLACEABLE

PARTS .

6-1

4-3.

Magnet

Power

Supply.

4-1

6-1.

Introduction

6-1

4-5.

Regulated

Power

Supply

4-1

6-4.

Ordering

Information

6-1

LIST

ILLUSTRATIONS

AND

TABLES

Number

Illustration

Title

Page

4-3.

CutawayView

ofaTWT

Capsule

andMagnet

Showing

the

Important

Elements·

. . .

4-3

4-4.

Cutaway View of an

Encapsulated

TWT·

4-3

4-5.

Simplified

Circuit

ofa

Constant

Amplitude,

Variable

Slope Sawtooth

Generator··

4-5

5-1.

Top

View

Models 492A and 494A

5-2

5-2.

Bottom ViewLooking

Towards

the

Front

Panel

Models

492A and 494A .

5-4

5-3.

Rear

View of Models 492A

and

494A"

5-4

5-4.

Test

Setup

for

Gain, Output

Power,

and

Noise

Figure

Performance

Checks

5-7

5-5.

Test

Setup

for

Hum and

Spurious

Modulation

Performance

Check . .

5-8

5-6.

Models 492A and494A

Schematic

Diagram'

5-9

Number

Illustration

Title

Page

1-1.

Model 492A

Traveling

Wave

Amplifier

1-1

1-2.

Traveling

Wave

Tube

Warranty

1-2

3-1.

Operating

Controls

3-0

3-2.

Typical

Gain

and

Power

Output

Characteristics

3-2

3-3.

Block

Diagram

of a

Circuit

used

Maintain

Constant-Level

Output

Power

from

TWT

Amplifier

3-3

3-4.

Block

Diagram

Automatic

Gain

Control

Maintain

Constant

Ampli-

fication

from

aTWT

Amplifier

3-3

3-5.

Typical

Plot

Output Voltage

Grid

Voltage

aModel 492A

3-4

3-6.

Typical

Plot

Output Voltage

Grid

Voltage

aModel 494A.

3-5

3-7.

Phase

Shift

Produced

by Helix Mod

3-7

3-8.

Offset

Frequency

Produced

by Sawtooth

Modulation

the

Helix .

3-7

3-9.

Block

Diagram

of a

Linear

(Homodyne)

)

Detection

System.

3-8

3-10.

Block

Diagram

of a

Circuit

Produce

an FM Signal with a

TWT

Amplifier

3-8

4-1.

Block

Diagram,

Models 492A and 494A

4-0

4-2.

TWT

and

How

Works .

4-2

00144-2

1-1.

3-1.

5-1.

5-2.

5-3.

6-1.

6-2.

Table

Title

Specifications.

.....

Maximum

Operating

Currents

for

Models

492A and 494A . . .

Recommended

Test

Equipment

Tube

Replacement

List

Troubleshooting

Chart

. . •

Reference

Designation Index

Replaceable

Parts·

. . . .

1-0

3-1

5-1

5-3

5-6

6-2

6-5

iii

Section I

Table

1-1

Model 492A/494A

Table

1-1,

Specifications

~Model 492A

<Fj!

Model 494A

Frequency

Range: 4

to 8

12,4

Maximum

Output

Power:

20 mw

minimum

into

50 ohm

load

20 mw

minimum

into

50 ohm load

Modulated

Pulse

Delay:

Approximately

20 ns

Approximately

Helix Modulating Voltage:

Approximately

volts

peak-to-

peak.

Provides

3600

phase

shift.

Input

impedance

lOOK

Approximately

volts

peak-to-

peak.

Provides

3600

phase

shift.

Input

impedance

lOOK

Hum and

Spurious

Modulation: At

least

45 db below

signal

level

least

45 db below

signal

level

Weight:

Power

Supply:

net,

85 Ib shipping

volts

±10%, 50

cps,

approximately

200

watts

63 Ib net, 84 Ib

shipping

volts

±10%, 50

cps,

approximately

225

watts

Accessories

Furnished:

AC-16Q

cable

assembly

AC-l6Q

cable

assembly

For

Both Models

Small

Signal Gain: 30 db

minimum

Meter

Monitors:

Cathode

current,

anode

current,

helix

current,

collector

current.

Input Impedance: 50

ohms,

swr

less

than 2

Output

Internal

Impedance: 50

ohms,

swr

less

than 3

Dimensions:

Cabinet

Mount:

7-3/8

in.wide,

U-l/2

in.high, 20

in.deep.

TypeN

Less

than 30 db

:0:

IU]

REAR

,~,,".

:0:

'.1&

1.----19---.,

492AR/494AR

Rack

Mount:

Noise

Figure:

Connectors,

Input and Output:

Pulse

Rise

and Decay

Time:

Amplitude Modulating Voltage:

Approximately

volts

peak

positive

pulse

will

produce

a40 db

change

power

output.

Sensitivity

approximately

db/volt

1-0

00144-2

Model 492A/494A

SECTION

GENERAL

INFORMATION

Section I

Paragraphs

1-1

1-4

1-1.

DESCRIPTION.

1-2.

The

Models 492A and 494A

Traveling

Wave

Amplifiers

are

broadband,

linear

amplifiers

provid-

ing

adjustable

amplification

up to

least

30 db,

be-

tween 4and 12.4 gc, and

have

maximum

power

out-

put of

least

milliwatts

external

load

of 50

ohms.

The

frequency

range

the

Model 492A

8gc; the

frequency

range

the

Model 494A

12.4 gc.

These

traveling

wave tube (twt)

ampli-

fiers

are

designed

to be

used

also

buffer

amplifiers

modulators

for

any

signal

within

their

frequency

range.

buffers,

their

input

impedances

remain

constant

with any

reasonable

load

change

the output

terminal;

the

attenuation between input andoutput

sig-

nals

least

60 db,

minus

the

gain of

the

amplifier.

modulators,

they

can

used

amplitude,

fre-

quency,

pulse,

phase

modulate

the

signal

being

amplified

with no

interaction

the

signal

source.

The

gain and

power

output of

the

amplifiers

are

con-

tinuously

adjustable

the

front

panelGRID BIAS

con-

trol.

Hum and

spurious

modulation

generated

within

the

amplifiers

are

least

45 db below

the

output

sig-

nal

level

and

the

noise

figure

less

than 30

db.

1-3.

The

Models 492A and 494A

Traveling

Wave

Amplifiers,

amplify

any type of

signal:

cw, swept,

sine-modulated,

pulsed,

multiple

signals

different

frequencies,

etc.

Atwt

amplifier

used

modulator,

in conjunction with a

signal

generator,

can

used

amplitude

modulate

carrier

approximately

30%

with

less

than 2.5%

harmonic

distortion

and up

50%

with

less

than

distortion.

Amplitude modulation

sensitivity

approximately

db/volt.

Pulse

modula-

tion

excellent;

the

rise

time

less

than

ns.

Phase

modulation up

3600with

less

than 1db

amplitude

modulation

also

possible.

Wide-band

frequency

modulation

simulated

by a

step-wise

phase

modulation

described

section

Ill.

1-4.

The

front

panel

meter

provided

for

checking

and

adjusting

electrode

currents

the

traveling-wave

tube.

The

meter

helps

obtain

desired

operating

characteristics

during

normal

operation

the

ampli-

fier

and

also

assists

with

preventive

maintenance

and

troubleshooting.

anode

voltage

adjustment

on the

instrument

chassis

prOVided

adjust

the

cathode

current

of the twt back

normal

due

tube ageing.

)

00144-2

Figure

1-1.

Model 492A

Traveling

Wave

Amplifier

1-1

Section

Paragraphs

1-5

1-9

1-5.

The

Model 492A and 494A

are

similar

that

one

model

may

changed

the

other,

replacing

the

twt,

covered

paragraph

5-17.

1-6.

INSTRUMENT

IDENTIFICATION.

1-7.

Hewlett-Packard

uses

two-section

eight-digit

serial

number

(000-00000).

the

first

three

digits

the

serial

number

your

instrument

do not

agree

••

ANTY

CLAIM

AND

ADJUITMINT

'IOCIDUU

Model 492A/494A

with

those

the

title

page

this

manual,

change

sheets

supplied

with

the

manual

will

define

differences

between

your

instrument

and

the

Model 492A

494A

described

this

manual.

1-8.

TRAVELING

WAVE

TUBE

WARRANTY.

1-9.

The

Traveling

Wave

Tube

Warranty

illus-

trated

figure

1-2.

sheet

for

your

use

included

the

appendix

this

manual.

MICROWAVE

TUBE

WARRANTY CLAIM

INFORMATION FORM

IMPORT

ANT:

Please

ans

....

all

questions

fully

InsuHlclent Information may

delay

processing

your

claim.

for

microwave

tubes supplied

[he

HEWLETT·

PACKARD

COMPANY

for

use

Instruments

Microwave

tubes

supplied

the

Hewlett-Packard

Company.

either

original

replacement.

for

use

instruments

are

actually

warranted

the

tube

manufaclUrer

and

not

However, S

will

process

warranty

claims

for

you, and will

promptly

pass

all

allowances

granted

the

tube

manufacturer.

the

event

that

your

tube Is (ound

repairable,

the tube

manufacturer

reserves

the

right

repair

and

return

the tube in lieu of

Issuing

pro--Tata

credil.

For

your

convenience,

warrantyclalms(orall

microwave

tubes

supplied

by the

Hewlett-Packard

Company

may

made on

this

sIngle

form;

merely

fJII

out the

lnfonnallon

on the

reverse

side

and

rerurn

this

fonn.

along

....

lth

thedefectlve

rube.

your

engineering

representallve.

tO~.

Please

sure

each

space

on the form

filled

In··lack

complete

infonnation

may

delay

processing

yourcTiim.

Each

tube

manufacturer

has

his

own

warranty

policy.

Copies

of Individual Conditions of

War-

ranty

are

available

from

your

engineering

representative

from Ihe He

....

len·Packard

Company.

SHIPPING

INSTIUCTIONS

FROM:

(rube

Owner)

Company

Address

Tube

type

Tube

serial

No.

Tube

mfr.

Use

Model _

Instrument

serial

no. _

Date

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Name

Title

Company _

Address

Tube

purchased

from

number

The

following

instructions

are

included

aid you

preventing

damage

transit.

Package

your

tube

carefully

••

allowance

can

made on

broken

tubes.

Tube

Original ( )

Replacement

(

Carefully

wrap

tube in

1/4

inch thick

"klmpack".

Cotton batting.

other

sofl

padding

material.

2. Wrap the

above

in heavy

kraft

paper.

Pack

in a

rigid

container

....

hlch Is

least

inches

larger

than the lube In

each

dimension.

Surround

the

tube

with

least

inches

of shock

absorbing

material.

cenaln

that the

packing Is tight

all

around

the tube.

Date

tube

received

Date

first

tested

Date

placed

service

Date

failure

Hours

use

per

day

(average)

Number

days

service

Total

hours

filament

operation

Tubes

returned

from

outside

the continental

UnltedSrates

should

packed

awooden box.

Mark

container

FRAGILE and

ship

prepaid

via

Air

Freight

Railway

Expreu.

not

ship

via

Parcel

POSt

AJr

Parcel

POSt

since

experience

has

shown that

fragile

Items

are

apt

damaged

when

shipped

these

means.

Tubes

returned

the

Hewlen·Packard

Company should be

addressed

to:

SYMPTOMS:

(Please

describe

conditions

prior

and

time

failure.

along with

description

lube's

defect,

If known) _

CUSTOMr.

snvlcr

H.~".,.d.rd

COfftpel'ly

]95

,.~

Mil

R_d

1'.

Alto. C.lifomi.,

U.S.A.

II.

....

,..I.r.,.J

H_lett·,.d.,dS.A.

kvedIiVifillli",dNo.l

G.I'l...... S

...

itter!Mtd

Were

there

other

circuit

component

failures

time

failure?

Which ones?

Signature

Title

9/12/61

1-2

Figure

1-2.

Traveling

Wave

Tube

Warranty

00144-2

)

Model 492A/494A

SECTION

INSTALLATION

Section

Paragraphs

2-1

2-13

2-1.

MECHANICAL

INSPECTION.

2-2.

Unpack

the

instrument

upon

receipt

and

inspect

for

signs

phy

ical

damage

such

scratched

panel

surfaces,

broken

knobs,

etc.

there

any

apparent

damage,

file

claim

with

the

carrier

and

refer

the

warranty

page

this

manual.

2-3.

POWER

REQUIREMENTS.

2-4.

The

Model 492A and Model 494A

require

power

source

115

volts

±10%,

single

phase,

to 60

cps,

which

can

deliver

approximately

225

watts.

2-5.

POWER

CABLE.

2-6.

For

the

protection

operating

personnel,

the

ational

Electrical

Manufacturers'

Association

(NEMA)

recommends

that

the

instrument

panel

and

cabinet

grounded.

This

instrument

equipped

with a

three-prong

conductor

power

cable

which, when

plugged

into

appropriate

receptacle,

grounds

the

instrument.

The

offset

pin on

the

power

cable

three-

prong

connector

the

ground

pin.

2-7.

preserve

the

protection

fearure

when

opera-

ting

the

instrument

from

two-contact

outlet,

use

three-prong

two-prong

adapter

and

connect

the

green

pigtail

the

adapter

ground.

2-8.

NST

ALLATION.

2-9.

The

only

special

precaution

necessary

for

in-

stalling

the

twt

amplifiers

that

they

should

not be

operated

very

large

magnetic

fields,

such

60-cycle

fields,

unless

externally

shielded.

While

the

twt

amplifiers

are

shielded

within

the

cabinet,

complete

protection

against

large

low-frequency

fields

would

require

shielding

than

practical

in-

clude

the

design.

2-10.

operate,

connect

the

instrument

to a

115-

volt

power

source,

check

and

adjust

rube

operating

00144-2

currents

described

preliminary

operating

pro-

cedure,

section

1Il, and

connect

the

external

equip-

ment

with

coaxial

cables

terminated

standard

UG-

21D/U,

type

connectors.

2-11.

section

V, beginning with

paragraph

5-32,

list

performance

checks

for

this

instrument.

These

procedures

make

agood

test

part

incom-

ing

quality-control

inspection

following

initial

rurn-on.

2-12.

REPACKAGING

FOR

SHIPMENT.

2-13.

The

following

list

general

guide

for

re-

packaging

instrument

for

shipment.

If you

have

any

questions,

contact

your

authorized

Hewlett-

Packard

sales

representative.

possible,

use

the

original

container

designed

for

the

instrument,

Wrap

the

instrument

heavy

paper

plastic

before

placing

the

shipping

container.

Use

plenty

packing

material

around

all

sides

the

instrument

and

protect

the

panel

with

card-

board

strips.

Use

heavy

cardboard

carton

wooden box to

house

the

instrument

and

use

heavy

tape

metal

bands

seal

the

container.

Mark

the

packing

box with

"Fragile",

"Delicate

Instrument",

etc.

Note

the

instrument

shipped

Hewlett-

Packard

Company

for

service

repair,

at-

tach

the

instrument

tag

identifying

the

owner

and

indicating

the

service

repair

accomplished.

any

correspondence

sure

identify

the

instrument

model

number,

serial

prefix,

and

serial

number.

2-1

Section

III

Figure

1-3

POWER

Turns

all

circuits

the

amplifier

(allow

minutes

warmup).

Meter

selector

switch

used

for

selection

circuit

checked

the

front-panel

meter.

jack

for

measuring

grid

bias

(measures

Ek;

grid

grounded).

4. GRID BIAS

control

used

adjust

fordesired

tube

current.

Normal

cathode

current

indi-

cated

the

meter

plate.

Do not

exceed

maxi-

mum

operating

currents,

refer

table

3-1.

Model 492A/494A

~-~--;3

MAG

C1RJD

Il100

S. HELIX

control

used

adjust

for

best

broad-

band

response,

position

for

maximum

gain

anyone

frequency.

INPUT

connector

where

the

signal

amplified

coupled

into

the

instrument.

OUTPUT

connector

where

the

amplified

signal

coupled

from

the

instrument.

8. GRID MOD.

connector

the

input

for

ampli-

tude

modulation

signals.

9. HELIX MOD.

connector

the

input

for

phase

and

frequency

modulation

signals.

3-0

Figure

3-1.

Operating

Controls

00144-2

)

Model 492A/494A

SECTION

III

OPERATING

INSTRUCTIONS

Section

III

Paragraphs

3-1

3-13

3-1.

INTRODUCTION.

3-2.

This

section

contains

operating

instructions

for

theModels

492A and494A

Traveling

WaveTube

Ampli-

fiers.

Figure

3-1

gives

basic

operating

instructions.

The

remainder

this

section

supplements

these

in-

structions.

3-3.

PRELIMINARY

OPERATING

PROCEDURE.

3-4.

The

front

panel

controls,

indicator,

and

con-

nectors

for

the

492A and 494A

are

shown

figure

3-1.

This

figure

also

shows

the

uses

for

the

controls,

indi-

cator,

and

connectors.

Whenever

the

twt

turned

on,

use

the

front

panel

meter

measure

the

current

each

electrode

the

traveling-wave

tube with

the

GRID BIAS

control

set

for

zero

bias.

The

safe

maxi-

mum

current

for

each

electrode

shown in

table

3-1.

ormal

cathode

current

for

your

instrument

indi-

cated

the

plate

attached

the

meter

face.

Cur-

rents

are

usually

little

high when

the

instrument

first

turned

on, but

decrease

normal

during

warm-

up. Allow IS

minutes

warmup

before

making

final

reading.

The

GRID BIAS

control

may

used

re-

duce

the

tube

currents

during

warmup.

Table

3-1.

Maximum

Operating

Currents

for

Models

492A and 494A.

Adjusting

the

HELIX

voltage

control

for

maximum

gain

the

upper

frequency

limit

usually

produces

the

flattest

frequency

response

over

the

band.

Maximiz-

ing

the

gain

frequencies

below

the

upper

frequency

limit

usually

results

additional

gain

and

power

out-

put

over

that

obtained

when

adjusted

for

flattest

broad-

band

operation.

The

final

setting

the

HELIX

con-

trol

independent

the

type

signal

amplified.

3-8.

SATURATION

POWER

OUTPUT.

3-9.

Saturation

power

output

the

maximum

output

power

obtainable

with a

given

collector

current

and

optimized

helix

voltage.

the

input

signal

increased

from

the

noise

level,

the

output-vs-input

characteristic

linear

until

saturation

approached

and

the

gain

begins

decrease.

Eventually

the

output

reaches

peak

which

the

saturation

power

output

and any

further

increase

the

input

causes

the

output

decrease.

the

collector

current

reduced,

the

power

output

which

saturation

occurs

will be

decreased.

The

primary

effects

which

lead

saturation

are:

the

forces

between

the

electrons

the

beam

begin

limit

the

electron

density

the

bunches

the

energy

transfer

from

the

electron

beam

the

helix

causes

the

beam

velocity

decrease

and

gradually

lose

synchronism

with

the

wave on

the

helix.

These

effects

become

pronounced

saturation

approached,

and

cause

the

gain

the

twt

decrease.

3-6.

HELIX

CONTROL.

3-7.

The

HELIX

voltage

control

the

front

panel

maximizes

the

gain

and

power

output

the

twt

selected

frequency

optimizes

the

gain

and

power

output

over

the

entire

band;

see

figures

3-2Aand

3-2B.

3-5.

If,

following

tube

replacement,

for

some

other

reason,

the

cathode

current

can

increased

with

the

GRID BIAS

control

slightly

above

the

safe

maximum

current

(see

table

3-1),

readjust

the

anode

voltage

control,

paragraph

5-26.

The

anode

voltage

control

set

limit

the

twt

its

normal

cathode

current

when

the

bias

voltage

the

twt

zero.

the

cathode

current

limited

its

normal

value,

but

the

current

another

electrode

excessive,

the

amplifier

requires

service

adjustment,

see

para-

graphs

5-21

5-30.

)

CAUTION:

NOT EXCEED:

Cathode

current

Helix

current

Collector

current.

Anode

current

0.5

/la

3-10.

Operating

the

492A

494A

near

saturation

power

output will

produce

second

harmonic

content

the

output.

obtain

maximum

power

output

from

the

twt without

excessive

second

harmonic

content

the

output,

increase

the

input

signal

level

until

satura-

tion

reached,

then

reduce

the

input until

the

out-

put

decreases

approximately

6db (an

input

reduction

15 db).

second

harmonic

content

un-

important,

operation

saturation

usually

very

satisfactory.

3-11.

One

advantage

operating

the

twt

near

satura-

tion

the

constant

output

characteristic

exhibited

atwt

saturation.

saturation

the

gain

of atwt

varies

inversely

with

the

input

level

and

input

varia-

tions

10 to 15 db

cause

the

output

vary

only

6db.

nearly

constant

output

desired,

see

paragraph

3-14.

3-12.

BANDWIDTH

CONSIDERATIONS.

3-13.

The

graphs

figures

3-2A

and Bshow

typical

gain

frequency

and

saturation

power

output

curves

for

the

492A and

the

494A

amplifiers

using

two

differ-

ent

conditions

helix

voltage.

One

set

curves

shows

the

gain

and

saturation

power

output when

the

helix

voltage

optimized

each

frequency.

The

other

set

curves

shows

the

gain

and

saturation

power

out-

put when

the

HELIX

control

set

the

broadband

00144-2

3-1

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