Philips Electromagnetic Lamp Bedienungsanleitung

Main ballast functions

In chapter 2.1 of this Guide:General aspects,section 2.1:Main ballast

functions,the main functions of ballasts have been described.The term

‘ballasts’ is generally reserved for current limiting devices,including

resistors,choke coils and (autoleak) transformers.Other pieces of

auxiliary equipment are compensating capacitors,filter coils and

starters or ignitors.Some systems use an additional series capacitor

for stabilisation.

With the components summed up,all control functions which are

necessary to operate standard fluorescent lamps can be carried out.

Special arrangements,including sequence start,constant wattage or

dimming circuits will not be described in this Guide,as such circuits

are more and more being replaced by the modern high-frequency

(HF)systems.

Stabilisation

In section 3.2:Stabilisation,the need for current stabilisation in

fluorescent lamps has been described,resulting in the following two

formulae:

Ilamp = (Vmains -Vlamp)

Zballast

and: Plamp =Vlamp .Ilamp .αlamp

where Ilamp = the current through the lamp

Vmains = the mains voltage

Vlamp = the voltage across the lamp

Zballast = the impedance of the ballast

Plamp = the power of the lamp

αlamp = a constant called lamp factor

From these formulae it can be concluded that the power of the lamp

(and therefore the light output) is influenced by:

- the lamp voltageVlamp,which in turn is highly dependent on

the operating temperature (see section 5.3.12:Ambient and operating

temperatures) and on the lamp current,according to the negative

lamp characteristic (see section 3.2:Stabilisation).

- the lamp current Ilamp,which is dependent on the mains voltage (see

section 5.3.13:Effects of mains voltage fluctuations),the lamp voltage

and the linearity of the ballast impedance.

In order to avoid undesirable variations in light output as a consequence

of mains voltage fluctuations,the lamp voltage must be not more

than approx.half the value of the mains voltage (100 to 130V) and the

impedance should be as linear as possible.

Ignition and re-ignition

In chapter 3:Lamps,section 3.3:Ignition,the need for ignition of a

fluorescent lamp has been described.

ELECTROMAGNETIC LAMP

BALLASTS

107

CONTROL GEAR

In the case of electromagnetic control gear,a combination of preheating

and a high ignition peak is obtained by using a normal choke ballast

and a preheat starter or an electronic ignitor.

Energy is supplied to the discharge in the form of electrons.The lamp

current,just like the mains voltage,is sinusoidal,with a frequency of

50 or 60 Hz.If the energy flow is zero (at lamp current reversal) the

lamp stops burning and in theory would have to be re-ignited.

This could be done by supplying additional energy to the electrodes

via a higher lamp voltage,the way it is done when initially starting the

lamp.But from the moment the lamp has reached its stationary

condition,the lamp voltage is constant.

And yet,in practice the lamp does not extinguish at current reversal.

Why not?

The phase shift introduced by the inductive element of the ballast

ensures that the mains voltage is not zero at that moment.Because of

the inductive properties of choke coil ballasts a phase shift ϕoccurs

between the mains voltage and the lamp current (see Fig.102).So,at

the moment of current reversal the lamp voltage would be equal to the

mains voltage,since the voltage over the ballast is nil.The difference

(gap) between the mains voltage and the average lamp voltage as a

consequence of the phase shift ensures proper re-ignition of the lamp

at the moment the current passes the point of reversal (zero-pointA

in figure).

Types of ballasts

1 Resistor ballasts

Current limitation by means of resistor ballasts is a very uneconomic

form of current limitation,because in the resistor electrical energy is

dissipated in the form of heat.Nevertheless,until the advent of

electronic circuitry,use of a series resistor was the only way of stabilising

fluorescent lamps operated on DC,for example the‘TL’R lamp (see

Fig.103).For stable operation on a resistor ballast,it is necessary that

the supply voltage be at least twice the lamp voltage under operating

conditions.This means that 50 per cent of the power will be

dissipated by the ballast.A considerable improvement in efficiency

can,however,be achieved by using a resistor with a very pronounced

positive temperature characteristic (an ordinary or specially

constructed incandescent lamp serves well for this purpose).

A temperature-dependent resistor compensates for variations in the

lamp current resulting from variations in the mains voltage,which means

108

Fig. 102. Phase shift between supply voltage

and lamp current (and lamp voltage) in a

discharge lamp with an inductive ballast. In

the case shown, the supply voltage is

sufficiently high for re-igniting the lamp after

every current reversal.

1.3 Ignition and re-ignition

V, A

VmIlVl

gap

that the no-load voltage need be no more than 25 to 30 per cent

higher than the lamp voltage.This is also the proportion of the power

dissipated by the ballast compared to the total circuit power.

2 Capacitor ballasts

A capacitor used as a ballast causes only very little losses,but cannot

be used by itself,as this would give rise to very high peaks in the lamp

current wave form at each half cycle.Only at very high frequencies

can a capacitor serve satisfactorily as a ballast.

3 Inductive ballasts or chokes

Choke coils are frequently used as current limiting devices in

gas-discharge lamp circuits (see Fig.104).They cause somewhat higher

losses than a capacitor,but produce far less distortion in the lamp

current at 50 Hz.Moreover,in combination with a switch starter,they

can be made to produce the high voltage pulse needed to ignite the

lamp.

In practice,a choke ballast consists of a large number of windings of

copper wire on a laminated iron core.It operates on the self-inductance

principle.The impedance of such a ballast must be chosen in

accordance with the mains supply voltage and frequency,the lamp type

and the voltage of the lamp,to ensure that the lamp current is at the

correct value.In other words:each type of lamp requires for each supply

voltage its own choke as a ballast with a specific impedance setting.

Heat losses,occurring through the ohmic resistance of the windings

and hysteresis in the core,much depend upon the mechanical

construction of the ballast and the diameter of the copper wire.

The right ballast for a given lamp and supply voltage should be chosen

by consulting documentation and/or ballast markings.

The Philips standard range of ballasts is for supply voltages of

220/230/240V and for frequencies of 50/60 Hz.

109

Fig. 103. Schematic diagram of a

fluorescent lamp operated on a resistor

ballast in a DC circuit.

Fig. 104. Schematic diagram of a

fluorescent lamp operated on a choke

ballast in an AC starter circuit.

1.4 Types of ballasts

‘TL’ R

I b

BVl

+-+-

The most important value for stabilisation is the ballast impedance.It

is expressed as voltage/current ratio in ohm (Ω) and defined for a

certain mains voltage,mains frequency and calibration current (normally

the nominal lamp current).

Chokes can be used for virtually all discharge lamps,provided that

one condition is fulfilled:the mains voltage should be about twice the

arc voltage of the lamp.If the mains voltage is too low,another type

of circuit should be used,like the autoleak or constant-wattage circuits.

The advantages of a choke coil are:

- the wattage losses are low in comparison to those of a resistor,

- it is a simple circuit:the ballast is connected in series with the lamp.

Disadvantages of a choke coil are:

- the current in a lamp with choke circuit exhibits a phase shift with

respect to the applied voltage,the current lagging behind the voltage

(see also section 5.3.4:Power factor correction).

- a high starting current:in inductive circuits the starting current is

about 1.5 times the rated current.

- sensitivity to mains voltage fluctuations:variations in the mains

voltage cause variations in the current through the lamp.

Ballast specification and marking

There are two ways of selecting the right ballast for a certain lamp

and/or to compare various ballasts:

1) the ballast marking,

2) the manufacturer’s documentation.

As all ballasts have to comply with the norm IEC 920/921 some data

has to be marked on the ballast and other data can be mentioned in

the documentation.

On the ballast can be found:

- marks of origin,such as the manufacturer’s name or trade mark,

model or reference number,country of origin,production date code,

- rated supply voltage and frequency,nominal ballast current(s),

- type(s) of lamp with rated wattage,

- type(s) of ignitor with wiring diagram and peak voltage if this

exceeds 1500V,

- twand ∆t (see section 5.1.6),

- max.cross-section of mains or lamp cable;e.g.4 means 4 mm2,

- symbols of the officially recognised certification institutes,such as

VDE,SEMKO,SEV,KEMA,if applicable;CE marking for safety,

- in case of an independent ballast:the symbol ;an independent

ballast is a ballast which is intended to be mounted separately outside

a luminaire and without any additional enclosure,

- a symbol like top if there are mounting restrictions,

- F-marking if the ballast fulfils the IEC F-requirements;that means

it is suitable to be mounted directly on normally flammable surfaces,

-TS,P-marking or if the ballast is thermally protected

(* = thermo-switch temperature in degrees Celsius),

- indication of terminals:L for single phase,N for neutral, for

protective earth (PE), for functional earth,

110

1.4 Types of ballasts

- rated voltage,capacitance and tolerance of separate series capacitor.

In the documentation can be found:

- weight,

- overall and mounting dimensions,

- power factor (λ,P.F.or cos ϕ),

- compensating capacitor value and voltage for λ= 0.85 or 0.9,

- mains current nominal and during running-up,both with and

without power factor correction,

- watt losses (normally in cold condition),

- description of version,e.g.open impregnated,‘plastic’ encapsulated,

potted or compound filled.

This information suffices to find the right ballast for a certain

application.Additional information can be obtained on request or can

be found in special application notes.Philips ballasts are designed for

use with IEC standardised fluorescent lamps.

Maximum coil temperature twand ∆T

A ballast,like most electrical components,generates heat due to its

ohmic resistance and magnetic losses.Each component has a

maximum temperature which may not be exceeded.For ballasts it is

the temperature of the choke coil during operation that is important.

The maximum permissible coil temperature twis marked on the

ballast.Coil insulating material,in combination with lacquer,

encapsulation material etc.,is so chosen that below that temperature

the life specified for the ballast is achieved.A twvalue of 130 ºC is usual

nowadays with a coil insulating class F (150 ºC) or class H (180 ºC).

Under standard conditions,an average ballast life of ten years may be

expected in the case of continuous operation at a coil temperature of

twºC.As a rule of thumb,a 10 ºC temperature rise above the twvalue

will halve its expected life (see Fig.105).If,for instance,the operating

temperature is 20 ºC above the twvalue,one may expect a ballast life

of 2.5 years of continuous operation.If no twvalue is marked on the

ballast,a maximum of 105 ºC is assumed for the coil temperature.

As the ballast normally does not function continuously,the actual life

of the ballast can be very long.It also takes some hours before the

thermal equilibrium is reached in the ballast,which again increases the

practical ballast lifetime.

To verify the twmarking,accelerated lifetime tests are done at ballast

temperatures above 200 ºC for 30 or 60 days.

111

Fig. 105.The nominal life of choke coils

in relation to the permitted rated

maximum operating temperature of a

ballast winding tw, dependent on

insulation material:

a) class A: tw105 ºC,

b) class E: tw120 ºC,

c) class F or H: tw130 ºC.

1.5 Ballast specification and marking

250

200

150

100

0,1

1,0

temp. (°C)

t (years)

(c)

(b)

(a)

Another value marked on the ballast is the coil temperature rise ∆t.

This is the difference between the absolute coil temperature and the

ambient temperature in standard conditions and is measured by a

method specified in IEC Publ.920 (EN 60920).Common values for ∆t

are from 50 to 70 degrees in steps of 5 degrees.

The coil temperature rise is measured by measuring the ohmic

resistance of the cold and warm copper coil and using the formula:

∆t = {(R2- R1)/R1} .(234.5 + t1) - (t2- t1)

or: tc= R2/R1 .(t1+ 234.5) - 234.5 (IEC 598-1Appendix E)

where R1= initial cold coil resistance in ohm

R2= warm coil resistance in ohm

t2= ambient temperature at measuring R2in Celsius

t1= initial ambient temperature at measuring R1in Celsius

tc= calculated warm coil temperature in Celsius

∆t=t

- t2in Kelvin

The value 234.5 applies to copper wire;in case of aluminium

wire,the value 229 should be used.

So a ballast marked with tw130 and ∆t 70,will have the specified 10

years average life in continuous operation at standard conditions at an

ambient temperature of 130 - 70 = 60 ºC.When the ambient

temperature around the ballast is higher,a shorter ballast life has to

be accepted or sufficient air circulation or cooling has to be applied.

The so-called ambient temperature mentioned in this chapter is not

the room or outside temperature,but the temperature of the micro-

environment of the ballast.Built into a luminaire or ballast box the air

temperature around the ballast is higher than the outside ambient

temperature.This higher temperature has to be added to the coil

temperature rise ∆t to find the absolute coil temperature:tc= t2+ ∆t.

Additionally,a third temperature figure can be mentioned on the ballast:

the ballast temperature rise in abnormal conditions,again measured

according to specifications like EN 60920.In short:it is the winding

temperature rise at 110 per cent mains voltage when the glow-switch

starter,belonging to the system,is short-circuited.

The marking of the three temperature markings should be :

∆t ** / *** / tw*** with * = figure

Example:∆t 70 / 140 / tw130.

Watt losses

Ballast losses normally are published as‘cold’ values,meaning that the

ballast is not energised or only very shortly before and the ballast

winding is at ambient temperature (25 ºC).In practice the ballast will

reach more or less the marked ∆t value and then the copper resistance

is approx.25 per cent higher than in the‘cold’ situation.Therefore the

‘warm’ losses in practice will be 10 - 30 per cent higher than the

published values.

112

1.6 Maximum coil temperature twand ∆T

As in some applications the power consumption is of prime importance,

there are low-loss ballasts for the major lamp types‘TL’D 18,36 and

58W ( BTA**L31LW).The 18 and 36W LW ballasts are bigger than the

standard types,resulting in lower ballast temperatures and 25 to

30 per cent less ballast watt losses.Due to practical restrictions the

BTA 58L31LW type could not be made bigger.The 15 per cent lower

ballast losses are the result of a better iron lamination quality,while

the ballast temperatures are only slightly lower than those of the

standard types.

Main starter function

Fluorescent lamps do not ignite at mains voltage.To ignite the lamps,a

starter is applied to preheat the lamp electrodes and to give a peak

voltage high enough to initiate the discharge.

So in fact there is only one basic function for a starter:to deliver the

ignition voltage to start the discharge in a fluorescent lamp in a proper

way.After ignition the starter has to stop producing ignition peaks.This

can be obtained by sensing the lamp voltage or lamp current and/or

by a timer function.

Starter types

There are two types of fluorescent lamp starters:

1 Glow-switch starters

The glow-switch starter consists of one or two bimetallic electrodes

enclosed in a glass container filled with noble gas.The starter is

connected parallel across the lamp in such a way that the preheat

current can run through the lamp electrodes when the starter is closed

(Fig.106).At the moment of switching on the mains voltage, the total

mains voltage is across the open glow-switch starter.This results in a

glow discharge starting between the bimetallic electrodes of the

starter.The glow discharge causes a temperature increase in these

bimetallic electrodes,resulting in the closure of the electrodes of the

starter.During this closure the lamp electrodes are preheated by the

short-circuit current of the ballast.After closure the temperature of

the starter electrodes decreases and the starter re-opens.At the

moment of re-opening,the current through the ballast is interrupted,

causing a peak voltage over the lamp electrodes high enough for lamp

ignition.This peak voltage depends on the inductance of the choke,

the level of the short- circuit current and the speed of the opening of

the glow-switch electrodes.In formula:

Peak voltage:Vpeak = L dI/dt

The minimum specified peak voltage depends on the type and is between

800 and 900V.

If the lamp electrodes are not yet hot enough or the peak voltage is

not high enough,the glow-switch starter will resume the whole

STARTERS

113

1.7 Watt losses

starting process again until the lamp ignites.If the lamp will not ignite

(end of life) the starter will continue producing peaks (flickering) until

the mains voltage is switched off or until the electrodes of the glow-

switch starter stick together.In the latter case the short-circuit

current is continuously running through the lamp electrodes,which

can be seen at the glowing lamp ends.

Once the lamp is properly ignited,the lamp voltage is too low for a

glow discharge between the starter electrodes.So these electrodes

stay‘cool’ and in open position.

A capacitor across the starter electrodes prevents radio-interference

of the lamp.

There are five types of glow-switch starters,specified for a certain mains

voltage and/or lamp wattage ( S2-10-11-12-16).There are also resettable

glow-switch starters:SiS2,Si S3 and SiS10.These starters switch off

after a certaintime in case the lamps do not ignite and have to be

reset manually by a push button.Switching the mains supply does not

reactivate a switched-off resettable starter.

114

Fig. 106.Working principle of a glow-

discharge starter circuit.

1.The heat from the discharge in the

starter bulb causes the bimetallic

electrodes to bend together.

2.When the bimetallic electrodes make

contact, a current starts to flow through

the circuit, sufficient for preheating the

electrodes of the fluorescent lamp.

3.The bimetallic electrodes cool down

and open again, causing a voltage peak,

which ignites the fluorescent lamp.

2.2 Starter types

2 Electronic starters

In principle the electronic starter or ignitor is working in the same

manner as the glow-switch starter.But now the switching does not

come from bi-metallic electrodes,but from a triac.

The electronic circuit in the starter gives a well-defined preheat time

(1.7 sec) for the lamp electrodes and,after the preheat,a well-defined

peak voltage,which ensures optimum lamp ignition.The heart of the

electronic starter is a customized integrated circuit,containing the

intelligence of the product.It makes the starter switch off after seven

unsuccessful ignition attempts,so it is called‘flicker free’.

The electronic starter also contains an over-heating detection by

means of a PTC resistor,to switch off in case the starter becomes

too hot (e.g.with a short-circuited ballast).This second stop function

resets after approx.4 minutes.

The electronic starter extends the lamp lifetime up to 25 per cent on

account of the well-defined preheat time.The exact digital timing makes

the electronic starter independent of mains voltage fluctuations.

In the Philips programme there are two types of electronic starters:

one in the canister of the glow-switch starters (two-pin types S2-E and

S10-E Perform version),and one in a plastic housing (four-pin type ES08).

Lifetime

The lifetime of fluorescent lamp starters is expressed in the number

of switches.

At present the glow-switch starters have a lifetime of 10 000 switches

or more,while the electronic starters have a lifetime of 100 000 switches

or more.

Components

A customer primarily needs a solution to his lighting requirements.

Basically,he needs two things to obtain an installation which completely

fulfils his specifications:a design and components.To make sure that

the installation works properly under all circumstances,the right

components must be chosen and selected in combination with each

other.

In principle the following components are required in a lighting

installation:

- lamps,

- lampholders,

- luminaires,

- gear (ballasts,starters),

- compensating capacitors,

- cabling,

- fusing and switching devices,

- filter coils (if necessary),

- dimming equipment (if possible and required).

SYSTEMS

115

2.2 Starter types

Information about lamps can be found in the lamp documentation,

where also the type of lampholder or lamp cap is mentioned.Be sure

to use the appropriate lampholder,as there are many different types.

Lamp types with different wattage are in principle not interchangeable

in a certain circuit,even though they may have the same lamp cap and

do fit in the same lampholder.

In some lamp types the glow-switch starter is incorporated in the

lamp base (2-pin version PL).In the SL family the total electric circuit

is incorporated with the lamp in the outer shell (see Fig.107).

In the luminaire documentation,information can be found on which

lamp types can be used.When installing other than specified types,

electrical,thermal or lighting problems will arise.In the luminaire

documentation it can also be found if the gear is incorporated in the

luminaire and what the cable entries and connections are.

In the gear documentation,information can be found about the

electrical terminals and the electrical diagrams.Also the value and the

voltage range of capacitors is mentioned here.

The remaining system-related components and subjects mentioned

above will be described in the following sections.

Capacitors

Two types of capacitors are possible in fluorescent lamp circuits.One

type is the parallel compensating capacitor for power factor

improvement,connected across the mains.The second type is the series

capacitor which also determines the lamp current.

Series capacitors are used in capacitive or duo circuits.

In installations with fluorescent lamps of more than 25W,capacitors

are necessary for power factor correction,as the power factor of an

inductively stabilised circuit is only approx.0.5.Power factor

compensating capacitors are connected across the mains supply voltage

(parallel compensation) between phase and neutral (220/240V).

In the relevant ballast documentation figures can be found for the

capacitor value in microfarad (µF) for a certain combination of lamp

and supply voltage to achieve a power factor of ≥0.9.

Every user can in fact create his own solution for obtaining the necessary

capacitance.

116

Fig. 107.The circuit of an SL lamp

consists of the following components:

1. Discharge tube,

2. Starter,

3. Capacitor,

4. Ballast,

5.Thermal protector.

3.1 Components

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