SOLUTIONS CUBED MEMKey Bedienungsanleitung

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MEMKey

Keypad Encoder

*4X5 Matrix

*Programmable Rows & Columns

*PC/AT or Serial Output

AN-303 A Simple Calculator Using a Basic Stamp II

This application demonstrates the use of a MEMKey in a 7 digit decimal

calculator consisting of a 2x8 LCD screen and a Grayhill 4x4 keypad. The LCD,

operating in 4-bit mode, is driven by a Basic Stamp II while a MEMKey serial

keypad encoder interfaces to the keypad.

The calculator performs binary addition and subtraction. Subtraction is

accomplished by taking the 9’s complement of one operand and adding it to

another. The keypad, a Grayhill 96 series, has four function keys. “A” (location

3) is the addition key, “B” (location 7) is the subtraction key, “C” (location 11) is

the equals key, while “D” (location 15) serves as a reset button.

When overflow occurs (result is greater than 7 digits), “OVERFLOW” appears at

the top of the screen and the calculator waits for a reset signal.

The MEMKey's row and column configuration defaults to the low cost Grayhill 96

series keypads, which are available from both Parallax and Digi-Key. The 2x8

LCD screen (Optrex DMC-50448N) that this application uses is also available

from Digi-Key. A hardware schematic follows:

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AN-303 Simple Calculator code listing

‘ Authors: Mark Rutger Jansen,

‘ Michael Walton

‘

' Variable and Constant Declarations

‘

' Calculator Variables:

Operand1 VAR Nib(8) ' First operand in binary addition (Bottom line of

Display)

Operand2 VAR Nib(8) ' Second operand in binary addition (Top line of

Display)

OpIndex VAR Nib ' How many digits are in Operand1 or Operand2

Carry VAR Nib ' Carry for single decimal digit addition

Sign1 VAR Bit ' Sign of first operand: 0 = positive

' 1 = negative

Sign2 VAR Bit ' Sign of second operand: 0 = positive

' 1 = negative

SignTot VAR Bit ' Logical OR of Sign1 and Sign2

' LCD constants

RS CON 12 ' Register Select (1 = char)

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E CON 13 ' LCD Enable pin (1 = enabled)

'LCD control characters

ClrLCD CON $01 ' clear the LCD

CrsrHm CON $02 ' move cursor to home position

CrsrLf CON $10 ' move cursor left

CrsrRt CON $14 ' move cursor right

DispLf CON $18 ' shift displayed chars left

DispRt CON $1C ' shift displayed chars right

DDRam CON $80 ' Display Data RAM control

' LCD Variables

Char VAR Byte ' Character sent to LCD

' MEMKey pin assignments

TM CON 0 ' To Master

FM CON 1 ' From Master

KEY CON 2 ' Key press notification pin

'MEMKey variables

Index VAR Byte ' For next loop variable

KeyVal VAR Byte ' Storage for key values

B_1 VAR Byte ' Variable storage byte

B_2 VAR Byte ' Variable storage byte

B_3 VAR Byte ' Variable storage byte

B_4 VAR Byte ' Variable storage byte

' MEMKey constants

Baud CON 396 ' Baud rate = 2400

PConfig CON $0E ' Program configuration command

Config CON $00 ' Disable typematic, disable auto

PDBounce CON $04 ' Program debounce command

DBounce CON $0A ' Set debounce for 25ms

Peeprom CON $08 ' Program user EEPROM command

Reeprom CON $09 ' Read user EEPROM command

Pkeyval CON $0A ' Program key value command

Rkeyval CON $0B ' Read key value command

Default CON $11 ' Resets MEMKey to default values

Rbuffer CON $00 ' Read key in buffer

'*******************************************************************************************

' This routine initializes the Basic Stamp, LCD, and MEMKey.

' Initialize the BS2

BS2_ini:

DirH = %01111111 ' set pins 8-15 direction

OutH = %00000000 ' clear the pins

DirL = %00000010 ' set pins 0-7 direction

OutL = %00000010

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' Initialize the LCD (Hitachi HD44780 controller)

LCD_ini:

OutC = %0011 ' 8-bit mode

PULSOUT E, 1

PAUSE 5

PULSOUT E, 1

OutC = %0010 ' 4-bit mode

PULSOUT E, 1

Char = 40 ' Set for 2 line operation

GOSUB LCDcmd

Char = 12 ' Shift cursor right

GOSUB LCDcmd

Char = 6 ' Increment DDRAM after write

GOSUB LCDcmd

Char = 1 ' Clear LCD screen

GOSUB LCDcmd

' Initialize the MEMKey

MEMKey_ini:

HIGH FM ' Make sure FM is high

PAUSE 2000 ' Let the system power settle

SEROUT FM,Baud,[PConfig,Config] ' Configure MEMKey for Polled Mode

PAUSE 15 ' Pause 10ms for EEPROM access

SEROUT FM,Baud,[PDBounce,DBounce] ' Program debounce value

PAUSE 15 ' Pause 10ms for EEPROM access

GOSUB Reset ' Will display 0 for accumulator, 0 for operand

GOSUB DisplayLCD ' Read and display values

'*******************************************************************************************

MainProgram:

GOSUB KeyFind 'Poll for a key press

GOSUB ModeSelect 'If key is pressed start user interface interaction

GOTO MainProgram

'*******************************************************************************************

' -----[ Subroutines ]-----------------------------------------------------

'*******************************************************************************************

' LCD commands, such as address pointer, are sent via LCDcmd, characters are sent with the

' LCDwr routine. This routine and LCD initialization routines taken from a previous

' author's Stamp Applications code listing. I believe it was Jon Williams who wrote the original

' code.

LCDcmd:

LOW RS ' Enter command mode

' then write the character

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LCDwr:

OutC = Char.HIGHNIB ' Output high nibble

PULSOUT E, 1 ' Strobe the Enable line

OutC = Char.LOWNIB ' Output low nibble

PULSOUT E, 1

HIGH RS ' Return to character mode

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' All display data is read from the operand1 and operand2 arrays. Operand2 represents the top line of

' the display. Operand1 represents the bottom line. Each byte in each array can store a value 0 - 15.

' The value represents a position in a lookup table, and the value from the lookup table is sent to the

' LCD. Characters are written to the LCD from top left to bottom right, and the entire LCD is refreshed

' each time this routine is called.

DisplayLCD:

Line1:

Char = $80 ' Display line one

GOSUB LCDcmd ' Initialize LCD

For Index = $00 to $07 ' Loop through positions 0 to 7 in Operand1 array

' Convert number in array to an ASCII character

LOOKUP Operand2(Index),["0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","+","-","*","/","="," "],Char

GOSUB LCDwr ' Write ASCII character to LCD

Line2:

Char = $C0 ' Display line two

GOSUB LCDcmd ' Re-Initialize LCD

For Index = $00 to $07 ' Loop through positions 0 to 7 in Operand1 array

' Convert number in array to an ASCII character

LOOKUP Operand1(Index),["0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","+","-","*","/","="," "],Char

GOSUB LCDwr ' Write ASCII character to LCD

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' The Reset subroutine returns the MEMKey to it's initial settings. It also

' resets the LCD display values.

Reset:

SEROUT FM,Baud,[Default] ' Reset MEMKey to default settings

PAUSE 200

SEROUT FM,Baud,[PConfig,Config] ' Configure MEMKey for Polled Mode

PAUSE 15 ' Pause 10ms for EEPROM access

SEROUT FM,Baud,[PDBounce,DBounce] ' Program debounce value

PAUSE 15 ' Pause 10ms for EEPROM access

' Initialize MEMKey settings

For Index = $00 to $0F

LOOKUP

Index,[$00,$01,$02,$03,$04,$05,$06,$07,$08,$09,$0A,$0B,$0C,$0D,$0E,$0F],B_1

LOOKUP Index,["1","2","3","A","4","5","6","B","7","8","9","C","*","0","#","D"],B_2

SEROUT FM,Baud,[Pkeyval,B_1,B_2]

PAUSE 15

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' Reset display values

For Index = $00 to $07 ' Loop through positions 0 - 7 in Lookup Table

LOOKUP Index,[15,15,15,15,15,15,15,0], B_3

Operand1(Index) = B_3 ' Store values from table to Operand1

Operand2(Index) = B_3 ' Store values from table to Operand2

GOSUB DisplayLCD ' Write characters to LCD

OpIndex = 0 ' Initialize OpIndex to 0

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' The ClearAll Subroutine resets the LCD display values and Resets OpIndex to 0

ClearAll:

For Index = $00 to $07 ' Loop through positions 0 - 7 in Lookup Table

' Store values from table to Operand1

LOOKUP Index,[15,15,15,15,15,15,15,0], Operand1(Index)

Operand2(Index) = Operand1(Index) ' Store values from table to Operand2

GOSUB DisplayLCD ' Write characters to LCD

OpIndex = 0 ' Reinitialize OpIndex to 0

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' ModeSelect determines what actions should be performed based on what key was pressed on the

' Keypad. The numbers 0 - 9 are numbers which will be shifted into the display. The letters

' A - C represent operations, and D represents a clear.

ModeSelect:

Debug "KeyVal = ", KeyVal, cr

If KeyVal = "A" then Addition ' Add Function

If KeyVal = "B" then Subtraction ' Subtract Function

If KeyVal = "C" then Equals ' Equals

If KeyVal = "D" then ClearAll ' Reset display values

' Shift numbers into the display

If KeyVal = "1" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "2" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "3" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "4" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "5" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "6" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "7" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "8" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "9" then ShiftDisplay

If KeyVal = "0" then ShiftDisplay

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' The ShiftDisplay function shifts numbers into the display as they are entered on the Keypad.

' Leading zeroes will not be shifted in. After 7 digits have been shifted in, no more digits

' will be shifted into the display.

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ShiftDisplay:

If OpIndex < 7 then TestZero ' Test if Operand is greater than 7 digits

RETURN

TestZero:

If OpIndex <> 0 then ValidShift ' Test if no digits have been entered yet

Operand1(7) = KeyVal - 48 ' Store key press in last digit of Operand1

GOSUB DisplayLCD ' Update LCD display

If KeyVal <> "0" then IncrementCurpos ' Test for leading zeroes

RETURN

IncrementCurpos:

OpIndex = OpIndex + 1 ' Increment number of digits

RETURN

ValidShift:

For Index = $01 to $06 ' Loop through positions 0 - 6 in Operand1 array

' Shift values in array one space left

Operand1(Index) = Operand1(Index + 1)

Operand1($07) = KeyVal - 48 ' Store key press in last digit of Operand1

OpIndex = OpIndex + 1 ' Increment number of digits

GOSUB DisplayLCD ' Update display

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' This function converts leading zeroes in Operand2 to spaces to make the display look nice

ClearZeroes:

For Index = 1 to 7 ' Loop through positions 1 - 7

' Write spaces until a non-zero is found

If Operand2(Index) <> 0 then EscapeLoop

Operand2(Index) = 15

Operand2(7) = 0 ' Display at least one zero

Operand2(0) = 15 ' Write a space into sign position in display

EscapeLoop: ' Break out of FOR loop above

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' This function converts spaces to zeroes in both Operands so that they may be evaluated arithmetically

ConvertSpace:

For Index = 1 to 7 ' Loop through positions 1 - 7 in both Operands

' Check if this position in Operand1 is a space

If Operand1(Index) <> 15 then ItsaNumber

Operand1(Index) = 0 ' Convert space to zero

ItsaNumber: ' Check if this position in Operand2 is a space

If Operand2(Index) <> 15 then ItsaNumber2

Operand2(Index) = 0 ' Convert space to zero

ItsaNumber2:

RETURN

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'*******************************************************************************************

' This function converts Operand1 to a negative number using the 9's compliment number system

NegateOperand1:

For Index = 1 to 7 ' Loop through positions 1 - 7 in Operand1

' Convert each digit to its 9's compliment

Operand1(Index) = 9 - Operand1(Index)

Operand1(0) = 9 ' Store a 9 in most sig. dig. in Operand1

Sign1 = 1 ' Set sign flag to 1 (negative)

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' This function converts Operand2 to a negative number using the 9's compliment number system

NegateOperand2:

For Index = 1 to 7 ' Loop through positions 1 - 7 in Operand2

' Convert each digit to its 9's compliment

Operand2(Index) = 9 - Operand2(Index)

Operand2(0) = 9 ' Store a 9 in most sig. dig. in Operand2

Sign2 = 1 ' Set sign flag to 1 (negative)

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' This function converts a negative Operand1 in the 9's compliment number system to its positive

' equivalent, and places a negative sign in the sign position of the display

ConvertOperand1:

For Index = 1 to 7 ' Loop through positions 1 - 7 in Operand1

' Convert each digit to its 9's compliment

Operand1(Index) = 9 - Operand1(Index)

Operand1(0) = 11 ' Place negative sign in leftmost position

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' This function converts a negative Operand2 in the 9's compliment number system to its positive

' equivalent, and places a negative sign in the sign position of the display

ConvertOperand2:

For Index = 1 to 7 ' Loop through positions 1 - 7 in Operand2

' Convert each digit to its 9's compliment

Operand2(Index) = 9 - Operand2(Index)

Operand2(0) = 11 ' Place negative sign in leftmost position

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' This function writes "OVERFLOW" to the top line of the display, and waits for the clear

' button to be pressed before exiting.

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DisplayOverflow:

Char = $80 ' Display line one

GOSUB LCDcmd

For Index = $00 to $07

Operand2(Index) = 15 ' Place " " to clear Op1

' Write "OVERFLOW" to display

LOOKUP Index,["O","V","E","R","F","L","O","W"],Char

GOSUB LCDwr

Operand2(7) = 0 ' Write a zero to least sig. dig. in Operand2

DoNothing:

GOSUB Keyfind ' Get next Key press

If KeyVal <> "D" then DoNothing ' Check for Key "D"

GOSUB ClearAll ' Reset Display values and exit

RETURN

'*******************************************************************************************

' This function performs a binary addition between Operand1 and Operand2 and stores the result

' in Operand2. Operand1 is also reinitialized to 0. Negative numbers are indicated by the

' minus sign in the rightmost position of the Operand. Negative numbers are converted to their

' 9's compliment equivalent for the addition, and 9's compliment negative numbers are converted

' back to normal representation for display after the addition has been performed.

Addition:

GOSUB ConvertSpace ' Convert spaces to zeroes

' Check for negative numbers

If Operand1(0) = 11 then Operand1Negative

Sign1 = 0 ' Set sign flag to 0 (positive)

If Operand1(0) = 15 then NoOperator ' Check to see if Equal was the last operation

Operand1(0) = 0 ' Write over sign position with 0 in Operand1

GOTO Operand1Continue ' Branch around negation and other instructions

Operand1Negative:

GOSUB NegateOperand1 ' Convert Operand1 to 9's compliment

GOTO Operand1Continue ' Branch around other instructions

NoOperator: ' Handle case where "=" was last operation

Operand1(0) = 0 ' Write over sign position with 0 in Operand1

If OpIndex = 0 then Operand1Continue ' Check to see if Operand1 is a valid value

For Index = 0 to 7 ' Loop through positions 0 - 7 in Operand2

Operand2(Index) = 0 ' Change all values to 0

Operand1Continue:

' Check for negative Operand2

If Operand2(0) = 11 then Operand2Negative

Sign2 = 0 ' Set sign flag to 0 (positive)

Operand2(0) = 0 ' Write over sign position with 0 in Operand2

GOTO Operand2Continue ' Branch around negation and other instructions

Operand2Negative:

GOSUB NegateOperand2 ' Convert Operand2 to 9's compliment

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Operand2Continue:

Carry = 0 ' Initialize Carry indicator to 0

For Index = 7 to 0 ' Loop backwards through digits of Operands

Debug "Index: "

Debug dec Index, cr

Debug "Operand1: "

Debug dec Operand1(Index)

Debug " Operand2: "

Debug dec Operand2(Index)

' Add digits of Operands

Char = Operand1(Index) + Operand2(Index) + Carry

Debug " Char: "

Debug dec Char

Carry = Char/10 ' Set Carry indicator

Debug " Carry: "

Debug dec Carry, cr

Operand2(Index) = Char//10 ' Write sum to Operand2

Operand1(Index) = 15 ' Place " " to clear Op1

If Carry = 0 then NoSubOverflow ' Check for Carry

SignTot = Sign1 | Sign2 ' Check to see if both Operands were positive

If SignTot = 0 then DisplayOverflow ' Display Overflow message

If Operand2(7) = 9 then ItsaNine ' Add carry bit to sum

Operand2(7) = Operand2(7) + 1

GOTO NoSubOverflow

ItsaNine: ' Handle overflow with negative numbers

For Index = 7 to 0 ' Loop backwards through digits of Operand1

Operand1(Index) = 0 ' Set Operand1 to 0

Operand1(Index) = 1 ' Set Operand1 to 1

For Index = 7 to 0 ' Loop backwards through digits of Operands

Debug "Index: "

Debug dec Index, cr

Debug "Operand1: "

Debug dec Operand1(Index)

Debug " Operand2: "

Debug dec Operand2(Index)

' Set Char to sum of Operands

Char = Operand1(Index) + Operand2(Index) + Carry

Debug " Char: "

Debug dec Char

Carry = Char/10 ' Set Carry indicator

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