Tektronix TDS2012 Bedienungsanleitung

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Tektronix TDS 2012

Digital Storage Oscilloscope

User’s Guide

Authors/Contributors: Thomas Montoya

JamesFree

Jake Gunderson

John Preheim

Dr. Montoya Rev. 3/16/09

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Table of Contents

Background/Introduction ……………………………………………………. 3

Simple voltage measurement and display …………………………………. .. 4

Printing oscilloscope display ………………………………………………... 4

Default setup ……………………………………………………………….... 4

Autoset ………………………………………………………………………. 4

Channel menus …………………………………………………………….. .. 5

Volts/Div knobs ……………………………………………………………... 5

Sec/Div knob ………………………………………………………………. .. 5

Position knobs ……………………………………………………………... .. 5

Set to zero ………………………………………………………………….... 6

Help………………………………………………………………………… .. 6

Run/Stop……………………………………………………………………... 6

Single Sequnce……………………………………………………………... .. 6

Horizontal menu …………………………………………………………...... 6

Math Menu …………………………………………………………. ............. 7

Menus ...………………………………………………………………... ........ 10

Save/Recall…………………………………………………………..... 8

Measure………………………………………………………….……. 9

Acquire………………………………………………………………... 10

Utility……………………………………………………………….. ... 11

Cursor………………………………………………………………..... 13

Display……………………………………………………………… ... 15

Trigger Controls…………………………………………………………… ... 15

Trigger Types………………………………………………………..... 15

Edge Trigger………………………………………………………....... 16

Video Trigger………………………………………………………..... 17

Pulse Width Trigger…………………………………………………... 18

Other Trigger Controls…………………………………………………….. ... 18

Level Dial……………………………………………………………... 18

Set to 50%........................................................................................... ... 19

Force Trig……………………………………………………………... 19

Trig View…………………………………………………………… ... 19

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Background/Introduction

This guide discusses using the Tektronix TDS 2012 Digital Storage Oscilloscopes to make

simple voltage versus time measurements and perform/use elementary functions. Figure 1 shows

the front panel of the oscilloscope. Digital storage oscilloscopes sample analog signals, store the

values (and corresponding times), and display them on the screen. These values are available for

downloading and mathematical manipulations (e.g., FFT). In contrast, analog oscilloscopes use

the measured analog signals to directly control the trace(s) on the screen (no stored data).

Tektronix

TWO CHANNEL

DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE

Softkeys

CH 1 CH 2

VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV

POSITION POSITION

TDS2012

100 MHz

1 GS/s

SAVE/RECALL MEASURE ACQUIRE

HELP AUTO

SET

UTILITY CURSOR DISPLAY

DEFAULT SETUP

SINGLE

SEQ

MENUS

CH 1

MENU CH 2

MATH

EXT TRIG

SEC/DIV

POSITION

HORIZ

SET TO

ZERO

LEVEL

TRIG

SET TO

50%

FORCE

TRIG

VIEW

PROBE CHECK

RUN/

STOP

PROBE COMP

~5V@1kHz

VERTICAL HORIZONTAL TRIGGER

ON/OFF SWITCH

Figure 1 Front panel layout of TDS2012 Digital Storage Oscilloscope.

In order to make measurements, the oscilloscope must be connected to the components/devices

being measured. On the front panel, there are three BNC (F) connectors for this purpose labeled-

CH1, CH2, and EXT TRIG. Typically, either a BNC-BNC cable or an oscilloscope probe with a

BNC connector on one end and another connector/pin/hook on the other is connected between

the oscilloscope and the components/devices.

The following designations will be used to help give instructions on using/operating the

oscilloscope.

•Front panel hardkeys/buttons will be depicted by a box outline, e.g. BUTTON. These are

keys with fixed purposes.

•Boxed groups of related hardkeys/buttons will be referenced by the box name in quotes,

e.g., “MENUS”.

•Softkeys on the VNA display (located to right of screen) will be depicted using <>, e.g.,

<File Utilities>. These are keys whose purpose is flexible, i.e., they are changed,

depending on context, by the oscilloscope.

•Softkey options that can be toggled will be indicated by highlighting, e.g. Option.

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Simple voltage measurement and display

For the simplest case of a single self-triggering measurement, connect a P2200 passive probe to

the CH1 BNC connector and the tip of the probe to the component/device whose voltage is to be

measured. Press the DEFAULT SETUP and the AUTO SET buttons (upper righthand corner).

This restores the oscilloscope to a known state and then cause it to automatically analyze the

signal and to adjust the trigger level and time & voltage scales to match what it believes is the

dominant signal. This process is not perfect, but will usually get you “in the ballpark”. If the

CH2 trace (blue) is present, press the CH2 MENU button as needed to toggle it off.

The time and voltage scales may be adjusted using the SEC/DIV and CH1 VOLTS/DIV knobs,

respectively. The voltage waveform may be moved up and down, without changing the voltage

scale, using the CH1 POSITION knob under the “VERTICAL” menu. Essentially, this knob

moves where the ground (0 V) reference level for CH1 is placed (little yellow arrow labeled “1”

to left of screen). The oscilloscope displays information regarding this position in the lower left

corner. The voltage waveform may be moved right and left, without changing the time scale,

using the POSITION knob under the “HORIZONTAL” menu. This knob moves where the time

reference point for CH1 is placed (little white arrow labeled on top of screen). The oscilloscope

displays information regarding this position in the upper right corner.

Printing oscilloscope display

1) Press the UTILITY button in “MENUS” on the face of the oscilloscope to bring up a

softkey menu.

2) Press the <Options> softkey to bring up related softkeys.

3) Press the <Printer Setup> softkey to bring up related softkeys.

4) If necessary, toggle the <Layout> softkey from Portrait to Landscape.

5) If necessary, toggle the <Format> softkey to Epson Dot Matrix (many other choices).

6) If necessary, toggle the <Port> softkey to Centronics (several choices).

7) Toggle the <Ink Saver> softkey On or Off (depends on ink ribbon in printer).

8) Get oscilloscope set-up as desired (e.g., place cursors, make measurements, etc.).

9) Press the PRINT button on the face of the oscilloscope and wait for screen display to print.

Default setup

Press the DEFAULT SETUP button (upper righthand corner). to recall most of the factory

option and control settings, but not all. The following settings are not reset: 1) Language option,

2) Saved setup files, 3) Saved reference waveform files, 4) Display contrast, 5) Calibration data,

6) Printer setup, 7) RS232 setup, and 8) GPIB setup

Autoset

When you push the AUTOSET button, the oscilloscope automatically analyzes/identifies the

type of waveform and adjusts controls (e.g., trigger level and time & voltage scales) to produce a

usable display of what it believes is the dominant input signal. This process is not perfect, but

will usually get you “in the ballpark”.

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Channel menus

The yellow CH1 MENU and blue CH2 MENU buttons are used to cause the oscilloscope to

either display or hide the signal from the corresponding channel (yellow trace for CH1 and blue

trace for CH2). In addition, when the particular channel is selected, a softkey menu for that

channel will be activated. The particular softkey options are:

a) The <Coupling> softkey allows the user to select from DC (displays/measures both AC and

DC signal components), AC (displays/measures only AC signal components), or Ground

(displays flat line at 0 V) options.

b) The <BW Limit> softkey allows the user to toggle between Off (full 100 MHz) and On

(limit signals to 20 MHz). We’ll always leave this Off.

c) The <Volts/Div> softkey allows the user to toggle between Coarse (use oscilloscope

defaults, e.g., 10 V/div, 5 V/div, 2 V/div, 1 V/div …) and Fine (allows for V/div selections

between the defaults).

d) The <Probe> softkey allows the user to select from 1X, 10X, 100X, and 1000X to

compensate for attenuation in the probes. Use 1X (no attenuation) when the P2200 probe

switch is set to 1X or a BNC-BNC cable is connected to the oscilloscope. Use 10X when

the P2200 probe switch is set to 10X. The other settings are meant for different probes.

e) The <Invert> softkey allows the user to toggle between Off (display signal as-is) and On

(inverts signal). We’ll usually leave this Off.

Volts/Div knobs

These knobs, directly below yellow CH1 MENU and blue CH2 MENU buttons, are used to

adjust the vertical scales of the CH1 and CH2 traces. The settings for each channel will be

shown at the lower left corner of the display. These numbers refer to the number of volts

between each horizontal gridline on the display for that channel’s signal. The separate knobs

allow you to compare two signals at different levels of magnification.

Sec/Div knob

Use this knob to adjust the horizontal or time scale of the display (same for both channels). The

current setting will be shown at the bottom center of the display. This number refer to the

number of seconds between each vertical gridline on the. Adjusting this knob allows you to vary

the size of the time slice visible on the display. When the Sec/Div control is set to 100 ms/div or

slower and the trigger mode is set to Auto, the oscilloscope enters the scan acquisition mode. In

this mode, the waveform display updates from left to right. There is no trigger or horizontal

position control of waveforms during scan mode.

Position knobs

There are three position knobs available on the oscilloscope. Under the “VERTICAL” menu, the

POSITION knobs (one for each channel) allows the user to move the signal for that channel up

or down on the display, without changing the voltage scale. Essentially, this knob moves where

the ground (0 V) reference level for each channel is placed. The reference level is indicated on

the screen, e.g., a little yellow arrow labeled “1” is shown to the left of screen for CH1. Under

the “HORIZONTAL” menu, the POSITION knob allows users to move all displayed signals left

and right on the display, without changing the time scale. This knob moves where the time

reference point is placed (little white arrow labeled on top of screen). The oscilloscope displays

information regarding this position in the upper right corner.

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Set to zero

Under the “HORIZONTAL” menu, the SET TO ZERO button sets the horizontal position

(controlled by the horizontal position knob) to zero (center vertical axis), thus centering the

signal horizontally.

Help

The oscilloscope has a Help system with topics that cover all the features of the oscilloscope.

You can use the Help system to display several kinds of information: 1) general information

about understanding and using the oscilloscope, 2) information about specific menus and

controls, and 3) device about problems you may face while using an oscilloscope (e.g., reducing

noise). Pushing the HELP button (near top right) will activate a softkey menu as well as

context-sensitive information. The particular softkey options are <Show Topic>, <Index>,

<Help on Help>, <Back>, and <Exit>. The Help system provides three ways for you to find the

information you need: Context-Sensitive, Hyperlinks, and an Index.

a) Context-Sensitive: The oscilloscope displays information about the last menu displayed on

the screen when you push the HELP button. The HELP SCROLL LED lights under the

Position knob in the “HORIZONTAL” menu to indicate the alternative function of the knob.

If the topic uses more than one page, turn the knob to move from page to page within the

topic.

b) Hyperlinks: Most of the help topics contain phrases marked with angle brackets, such as

<Autoset>. These are links to other topics. Turn the Help Scroll Position knob to move the

highlight from one link to another. Push the <Show Topic> softkey button to display the

topic corresponding to the highlighted link. Push the <Back> softkey button to return to the

previous topic.

c) Index: Push the <Index> softkey button. This brings up an alphabetical list of topics on the

screen and activates a softkey menu whose options are <Show Topic>, <Page Up>, <Page

Down>, <Back>, and <Exit>. Push the <Page Up> or <Page Down> softkeys until you find

the index page that contains the topic you want to view. Then, turn the Help Scroll Position

knob to highlight a help topic and push the <Show Topic> softkey to display the topic.

Note: Push the <Exit> softkey button or any “Menus” button to return to displaying waveforms.

Run/Stop

Push the RUN/STOP button when you want the oscilloscope to continuously acquire waveforms

(default mode). Push the button again to stop data acquisition.

Single Sequence

Push the SINGLE SEQ button when you want the oscilloscope to acquire a single waveform and

then stop. Each time you push the SINGLE SEQ button, the oscilloscope begins to acquire

another waveform. After the oscilloscope detects a trigger, it completes the acquisition and

stops.

Horizontal Menu

Under the “HORIZONTAL” menu, the HORIZ MENU button activates a softkey menu that

allows access to several other means of focusing on a specific section of a waveform. Its options

are listed in Table 1.

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Table 1 Horizontal Menu choices

The axis for vertical scale is the ground level. A readout near the top right of the screen displays

the current horizontal position in seconds. An M indicates the Main time base and a W indicates

the Window time base. The oscilloscope also indicates horizontal position with an arrow icon at

the top of the display.

Use the Window Zone option to define a segment of a waveform to see more detail. The

Window time base setting cannot be set slower than the Main time base setting. Choosing

Window expands the Window Zone to cover the entire screen. When you change between the

Main, Window Zone, and Window views, the oscilloscope erases any waveform saved on the

screen.

Math Menu

Pushing the red Math Menu button activates a red trace on the display and a softkey menu that

allows various waveform math operations to be performed on the input signal(s). Pushing Math

Menu again will remove the red trace. The <Operation> softkey allows the user to select: FFT

(displays flat line at 0 V) options.

a) +which adds/sums the CH1 and CH2 displays,

b) –which calculates the difference between the CH1 and CH2 displays with subchoices of

CH1-CH2 or CH2-CH1, and

c) FFT with subchoices on shown in Table 2.

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The +and -options will display the sum or difference of the two signals on the display. It is

important to note that the sum or difference will be calculated using the visual signals on the

display. This means that if one signal is displayed to a higher magnification level (i.e., different

VOLTS/DIV setting) than the other, the result will not be a true sum or difference. For most

situations it is best to set both waveforms to the same scale before using these options.

Table 2 FFT menu options

The FFT option stands for Fast Fourier Transform. This can be used to analyze/represent the

frequency components of a time-domain signal. To use this feature, you need to do the

following:

1. Set up a source waveform in the time domain.

2. Display an FFT spectrum

3. Select an FFT window type

4. Adjust the sample rate to display the fundamental frequency and harmonics without

aliasing

5. Use the zoom and cursor controls to measure what you wish to measure

To set up the waveform in the time domain, use Autoset or the control knobs to center the

waveform vertically. Also make sure that the entire waveform is visible on the display.

Horizontally, the FFT will only consider the eight central segments of the display, so make sure

that what you want to analyze fits into this range.

The Sec/Div knob allows you to choose a resolution. Set it to show fewer cycles on the display

to show a larger frequency range and reduce aliasing. Set it to display more cycles to improve the

resolution. The highest frequency that any real-time digitizing oscilloscope can measure without

errors is one-half the sample rate. This frequency is called the Nyquist frequency. Frequency

information above the Nyquist frequency is undersampled which causes FFT aliasing. The math

function transforms the center 2048 points of the time-domain waveform into an FFT spectrum.

The resulting FFT spectrum contains 1024 points that go from DC (0 Hz) to the Nyquist

frequency. Once the time domain waveform is set up, push the Math Menu button and choose

the FFT option. Be sure to select the correct source channel. A sample FFT output is below:

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You can choose an FFT window to eliminate discontinuities that will disrupt your output. As

shown in Table 3, there are three window choices.

Table 3 FFT window options

Problems occur when the oscilloscope acquires a time-domain waveform containing frequency

components that are greater than the Nyquist frequency. The frequency components that are

above the Nyquist frequency are undersampled, appearing as lower frequency components that

“fold back” around the Nyquist frequency. These incorrect components are called aliases. An

example of aliasing is shown below:

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There are several options for eliminating aliasing:

1. Adjust the Sec/Div control to a faster setting. This will raise the Nyquist frequency and

bring the FFT display within range of the aliases.

2. If you do not need to view frequencies components above 20 MHz, set the Bandwidth

Limit option to On.

3. Put an external filter on the source signal to bandwidth limit the source waveform to

frequencies below that of the Nyquist frequency.

4. Recognize and ignore the aliased frequencies.

5. Use zoom controls and the cursors to magnify and measure the FFT spectrum

Once you have properly dealt with any aliasing issues, you are free to use the knobs to position

and zoom the display and use the cursors to take measurements as with any other reading.

Menus

This group of buttons (see below) accesses many important adjustments/features/functions

available on the oscilloscope.

1) Pushing the Save/Recall button activates a softkey menu that allows various oscilloscope

setups and waveforms to be saved and recalled. The top softkey allows one to toggle

between the Setups and Waveforms options. Each of these selections has its own set of

softkey subchoices as shown in Tables 4 and 5.

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