Elenco Electronics EP-50 Bedienungsanleitung

753057

ELECTRONIC

PLAYGROUNDTM

and LEARNING CENTER

MODEL EP-50

ElencoTM Electronics, Inc.

Wheeling, IL, USA

-2-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Definition of Terms Page 3

Answers to Quizzes 5

Introduction to Basic Components 6

Experiment #1: The Light Bulb 8

More About Resistors 10

Experiment #2: Brightness Control 11

Experiment #3: Resistors in Series 12

Experiment #4: Parallel Pipes 13

Experiment #4B: Comparison of Parallel Currents 14

Experiment #5: Combined Circuit 16

Experiment #6: Water Detector 17

Introduction to Capacitors 18

Experiment #7: Slow Light Bulb 20

Experiment #8: Small Dominates Large 21

Experiment #9: Large Dominates Small 22

Experiment #10: Make Your Own Battery 23

Test Your Knowledge #1 24

Introduction to Diodes 24

Experiment #11: One - Way Current 25

Experiment #12: One - Way Light Bulbs 26

Introduction to Transistors 27

Experiment #13: The Electronic Switch 28

Experiment #14: The Current Amplifier 29

Experiment #15: The Substitute 30

Experiment #16:

Standard Transistor Biasing Circuit

Experiment #17: Very Slow Light Bulb 32

Experiment #18: The Darlington 33

Experiment #19: The Finger Touch Lamp 34

Experiment #20: The Battery Immunizer 35

Experiment #21: The Voltmeter 36

Experiment #22: 1.5 Volt Battery Tester 38

Experiment #23: 9 Volt Battery Tester 39

Experiment #24: The Anti-Capacitor 40

Introduction to Inductors and Transformers 42

Test Your Knowledge #2 43

Experiment #25: The Magnetic Bridge 44

Experiment #26: The Lighthouse 45

Experiment #27: Electronic Sound 46

Experiment #28: The Alarm 48

Experiment #29: Morse Code 49

Experiment #30: Siren 50

Experiment #31: Electronic Rain 51

Experiment #32: The Space Gun 52

Experiment #33: Electronic Noisemaker 53

Experiment #34: Drawing Resistors 54

Experiment #35: Electronic Kazoo 56

Experiment #36: Electronic Keyboard 57

Experiment #37: Fun with Water 58

Experiment #38: Transistor Radio 60

Experiment #39: Radio Announcer 62

Experiment #40: Radio Jammer / Metal Detector 63

Experiment #41: Blinking Lights 64

Experiment #42: Noisy Blinker 65

Experiment #43: One Shot 66

Experiment #44: Alarm With Shut - Off Timer 67

Experiment #45: The Flip - Flop 68

Experiment #46: Finger Touch Lamp With Memory 69

Experiment #47: This OR That 70

Experiment #48: Neither This NOR That 71

Experiment #49: This AND That 72

Experiment #50: Audio NAND, AND 73

Experiment #51: Logic Combination 74

Test Your Knowledge #3 75

Troubleshooting Guide 75

For Further Reading 75

-3-

DEFINITION OF TERMS

(Most of these will be introduced and explained during the experiments).

AC Common abbreviation for

alternating current.

Alternating Current A current that is constantly

changing.

AM Amplitude modulation. The

amplitude of the radio signal is

varied depending on the

information being sent.

Amp Shortened name for ampere.

Ampere (A) The unit of measure for electric

current. Commonly shortened

to amp.

Amplitude Strength or level of something.

Analogy A similarity in some ways.

AND Gate A type of digital circuit which

gives a HIGH output only if all

of its inputs are HIGH.

Antenna Inductors used for sending or

receiving radio signals.

Astable Multivibrator A type of transistor

configuration in which only one

transistor is on at a time.

Atom The smallest particle of a

chemical element, made up of

electrons, protons, etc.

Audio Electrical energy representing

voice or music.

Base The controlling input of an NPN

bipolar junction transistor.

Battery A device which uses a

chemical reaction to create an

electric charge across a

material.

Bias The state of the DC voltages

across a diode or transistor.

Bipolar Junction

Transistor (BJT) A widely used type of transistor.

Bistable Switch A type of transistor

configuration, also known as

the flip-flop.

BJT Common abbreviation for

Bipolar Junction Transistor.

Capacitance The ability to store electric

charge.

Capacitor An electrical component that

can store electrical pressure

(voltage) for periods of time.

Carbon A chemical element used to

make resistors.

Clockwise In the direction in which the

hands of a clock rotate.

Coil When something is wound in a

spiral. In electronics this

describes inductors, which are

coiled wires.

Collector The controlled input of an NPN

bipolar junction transistor.

Color Code A method for marking resistors

using colored bands.

Conductor A material that has low

electrical resistance.

Counter-Clockwise Opposite the direction in which

the hands of a clock rotate.

Current A measure of how fast

electrons are flowing in a wire

or how fast water is flowing in a

pipe.

Darlington A transistor configuration which

has high current gain and input

resistance.

DC Common abbreviation for direct

current.

Decode To recover a message.

Detector A device or circuit which finds

something.

Diaphragm A flexible wall.

Differential Pair A type of transistor

configuration.

Digital Circuit A wide range of circuits in

which all inputs and outputs

have only two states, such as

high/low.

Diode An electronic device that allows

current to flow in only one

direction.

Direct Current A current that is constant and

not changing.

Disc Capacitor A type of capacitor that has low

capacitance and is used mostly

in high frequency circuits.

Electric Field The region of electric attraction

or repulsion around a constant

voltage. This is usually

associated with the dielectric in

a capacitor.

Electricity A flow of electrons between

atoms due to an electrical

charge across the material.

Electrolytic Capacitor A type of capacitor that has

high capacitance and is used

mostly in low frequency

circuits. It has polarity

markings.

Electron A sub-atomic particle that has

an electrical charge.

Electronics The science of electricity and

its applications.

Emitter The output of an NPN bipolar

junction transistor.

Encode To put a message into a format

which is easier to transmit.

Farad, (F) The unit of measure for

capacitance.

Feedback To adjust the input to

something based on what its

output is doing.

Flip-Flop A type of transistor

configuration is which the

output changes every time it

receives an input pulse.

FM Frequency modulation. The

frequency of the radio signal is

varied depending on the

information being sent.

Forward-Biased The state of a diode when

current is flowing through it.

Frequency The rate at which something

repeats.

Friction The rubbing of one object

against another. It generates

heat.

Gallium Arsenide A chemical element that is

used as a semiconductor.

Generator A device which uses steam or

water pressure to move a

magnet near a wire, creating an

electric current in the wire.

Germanium A chemical element that is

used as a semiconductor.

Ground A common term for the 0V or

“–” side of a battery or

generator.

Henry (H) The unit of measure for

Inductance.

Inductance

The ability of a wire to create an

induced voltage when the current

varies, due to magnetic effects.

Inductor A component that opposes

changes in electrical current.

Insulator A material that has high

electrical resistance.

Integrated Circuit A type of circuit in which

transistors, diodes, resistors,

and capacitors are all

constructed on a

semiconductor base.

Kilo- (K) A prefix used in the metric

system. It means a thousand of

something.

LED Common abbreviation for light

emitting diode.

Light Emitting Diode A diode made from gallium

arsenide that has a turn-on

energy so high that light is

generated when current flows

through it.

Magnetic Field The region of magnetic

attraction or repulsion around a

magnet or an AC current. This

is usually associated with an

inductor or transformer.

Magnetism A force of attraction between

certain metals. Electric

currents also have magnetic

properties.

Meg- (M) A prefix used in the metric

system. It means a million of

something.

Micro- (m

m) A prefix used in the metric

system. It means a millionth

(0.000,001) of something.

Microphone A device which converts sound

waves into electrical energy.

Milli- (m) A prefix used in the metric

system. It means a thousandth

(0.001) of something.

Modulation Methods used for encoding

radio signals with information.

Momentum The power of a moving object.

Morse Code A code used to send messages

with long or short transmit

bursts.

NAND Gate A type of digital circuit which

gives a HIGH output if some of

its inputs are LOW.

NOR Gate A type of digital circuit which

gives a HIGH output if none of

its inputs are HIGH.

NOT Gate A type of digital circuit whose

output is opposite its input.

NPN Negative-Positive-Negative, a

type of transistor construction.

Ohm’s Law

The relationship between

voltage, current, and resistance.

Ohm, (W

W) The unit of measure for

resistance.

OR Gate A type of digital circuit which

gives a HIGH output if any of its

inputs are HIGH.

Oscillator A circuit that uses feedback to

generate an AC output.

Parallel When several electrical

components are connected

between the same points in the

circuit.

-4-

Pico- (p) A prefix used in the metric

system. It means a millionth of

a millionth (0.000,000,000,001)

of something.

Pitch The musical term for frequency.

Printed Circuit Board A board used for mounting

electrical components.

Components are connected

using metal traces “printed” on

the board instead of wires.

Receiver The device which is receiving a

message (usually with radio).

Resistance The electrical friction between

an electric current and the

material it is flowing through;

the loss of energy from

electrons as they move

between atoms of the material.

Resistor Components used to control

the flow of electricity in a circuit.

They are made of carbon.

Resistor-Transistor-

Logic (RTL) A type of circuit arrangement

used to construct digital gates.

Reverse-Biased When there is a voltage in the

direction of high-resistance

across a diode.

Saturation The state of a transistor when

the circuit resistances, not the

transistor itself, are limiting

the current.

Schematic A drawing of an electrical circuit

that uses symbols for all the

components.

Semiconductor A material that has more

resistance than conductors but

less than insulators. It is used

to construct diodes, transistors,

and integrated circuits.

Series When electrical components

are connected one after the

other.

Short Circuit When wires from different parts

of a circuit (or different circuits)

connect accidentally.

Silicon The chemical element most

commonly used as a

semiconductor.

Solder A tin-lead metal that becomes a

liquid when heated to above

360 degrees. In addition to

having low resistance like other

metals, solder also provides a

strong mounting that can

withstand shocks.

Speaker A device which converts

electrical energy into sound.

Switch A device to connect (“closed” or

“on”) or disconnect (“open” or

“off”) wires in an electric circuit.

Transformer A device which uses two coils

to change the AC voltage and

current (increasing one while

decreasing the other).

Transient Temporary. Used to describe

DC changes to circuits.

Transistor An electronic device that uses

a small amount of current to

control a large amount of

current.

Transmitter The device which is sending a

message (usually with radio).

Truth Table A table which lists all the

possible combinations of inputs

and outputs for a digital circuit.

Tungsten A highly resistive material used

in light bulbs.

Tuning Capacitor A capacitor whose value is

varied by rotating conductive

plates over a dielectric.

Variable Resistor A resistor with an additional

arm contact that can move

along the resistive material and

tap off the desired resistance.

Voltage A measure of how strong an

electric charge across a

material is.

Voltage Divider A resistor configuration to

create a lower voltage.

Volts (V) The unit of measure for voltage.

-5-

QUIZ ANSWERS

First Quiz: 1. electrons; 2. short; 3. battery; 4. increase; 5. insulators, conductors; 6. decreases, increases; 7. decreases;

8. voltage; 9. alternating, direct; 10. increases, decreases.

Second Quiz: 1. reverse; 2. LEDs; 3. amplifier; 4. integrated; 5. saturated; 6. alternating, direct; 7. decreases, increases;

8. magnetic; 9. increases; 10. twice

Third Quiz: 1. feedback; 2. air, pressure; 3. decreases; 4. radio; 5. inductors; 6. OR; 7. NAND

-6-

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC COMPONENTS

Welcome to the exciting world of Electronics! Before

starting the first experiment, let’s learn about some of the

basic electronic components. Electricity is a flow of sub-

atomic (very, very, very, small) particles, called

electrons. The electrons move from atom to atom when

an electrical charge is applied across the material.

Electronics will be easier to understand if you think of the

flow of electricity through circuits as water flowing

through pipes (this will be referred to as the water pipe

analogy).

Wires: Wires can be thought of as large, smooth pipes

that allow water to pass through easily. Wires are made

of metals, usually copper, that offer very low resistance to

the flow of electricity. When wires from different parts of

a circuit connect accidentally we have a short circuit or

simply a short. You probably know from the movies that

this usually means trouble. You must always make sure

that the metal from different wires never touches except

at springs where the wires are connecting to each other.

The electric current, expressed in amperes (A, named

after Andre Ampere who studied the relationship

between electricity and magnetism) or milliamps (mA,

1/1000 of an ampere), is a measure of how fast electrons

are flowing in a wire just as a water current describes

how fast water is flowing in a pipe.

The Battery: To make water flow through a pipe we need

a pump. To make electricity flow through wires we use a

battery or a generator to create an electrical charge

across the wires. A battery does this by using a chemical

reaction and has the advantage of being simple, small,

and portable. If you move a magnet near a wire then

electricity will flow in the wire. This is done in a generator.

The electric power companies have enormous

generators driven by steam or water pressure to produce

electricity for your home.

The voltage, expressed in volts (V, and named after

Alessandro Volta who invented the battery in 1800), is a

measure of how strong the electric charge from your

battery or generator is, similar to the water pressure.

Your Electronic Playground uses a 9V battery. Notice the

“+” and “–” signs on the battery. These indicate which

direction the battery will “pump” the electricity, similarly to

how a water pump can only pump water in one direction.

The 0V or “–” side of the battery is often referred to as

“ground”. Notice that just to the right of the battery

pictured below is a symbol, the same symbol you see

next to the battery holder. Engineers are not very good

at drawing pictures of their parts, so when engineers

draw pictures of their circuits they use symbols like this to

represent them. It also takes less time to draw and takes

up less space on the page. Note that wires are

represented simply by lines on the page.

The Switch: Since you don’t want to waste water when

you are not using it, you have a faucet or valve to turn the

water on and off. Similarly, you use a switch to turn the

electricity on and off in your circuit. A switch connects

(the “closed” or “on” position) or disconnects (the “open”

or “off” position) the wires in your circuit. As with the

battery, the switch is represented by a symbol, shown

below on the right.

Pipe

Wire

Water

Pump Battery

Symbol for

Battery

(+)

(–)

Valve

Switch

Symbol for Switch

The Resistor:Why is the water pipe that goes to your

kitchen faucet smaller than the one that comes to your

house from the water company? And why is it much

smaller than the main water line that supplies water to

your entire town? Because you don’t need so much

water. The pipe size limits the water flow to what you

actually need. Electricity works in a similar manner,

except that wires have so little resistance that they would

have to be very, very thin to limit the flow of electricity.

They would be hard to handle and break easily. But the

water flow through a large pipe could also be limited by

filling a section of the pipe with rocks (a thin screen would

keep the rocks from falling over), which would slow the

flow of water but not stop it. Resistors are like rocks for

electricity, they control how much electric current flows.

The resistance, expressed in ohms (W, named after

George Ohm), kilohms (KW, 1000 ohms), or megohms

(MW, 1,000,000 ohms) is a measure of how much a

resistor resists the flow of electricity. To increase the

water flow through a pipe you can increase the water

pressure or use less rocks. To increase the electric

current in a circuit you can increase the voltage or use a

lower value resistor (this will be demonstrated in a

moment). The symbol for the resistor is shown on the

right.

Rocks in Pipe Resistor Resistor Symbol

-7-

EXPERIMENT #1: The Light Bulb

First, you need a 9V battery (alkaline is best). Fold out

the the battery holder cutouts and snap the battery into

its clip. Always remove the battery from its clip if you

won’t be using your Playground for a while.

Your Electronic Playground consists of electronic parts

connected to springs and mounted on a cardboard panel.

You will use wires to connect these springs together to

form a circuit. You are provided with several different

lengths of wires, and it is usually best to use the shortest

length of wire that comfortably reaches between two

springs so that your wiring appears less confusing and

easier to check. Notice that each spring has a number

next to it. For each circuit we will tell you the spring

numbers to connect in order to build the circuit. And as

you build each circuit you will slowly learn more and more

about electronics.

Enough talk, let’s start building your first circuit. To

connect a wire to a spring, bend the spring back to one

side with one finger and slip the metal end of the wire into

the spring; let go of the spring and it should clamp the

wire firmly in place. Tug lightly on the wire to make sure

you have a secure connection. And be sure the spring

touches the metal portion of the wire, the colored plastic

insulation doesn’t count. To remove a wire, bend the

spring and pull the wire away. When you have two or

more wires connecting to the same spring, make sure

that one wire does not come loose while you connect the

others. This will be easier if you connect the wires on

different sides of the spring.

12 3

-8-

Now connect the wires for this circuit

according to the list below, which we’ll call

the Wiring Checklist. When you’re

finished your wiring should look like the

diagram shown here:

Wiring Checklist:

o27-to-56

o55-to-45

o44-to-3

o4-to-26

Be sure all your wires are securely in

place and not loose. Also make sure the

metal in the wires is only touching the

spring and wires that it is connected to,

and not to any nearby springs or other

wires.

-9-

Press the switch (next to springs 55 and 56) and the LED

(light emitting diode) lights up, and turns off when you

release the switch. The LED converts electrical energy

into light, like the light bulbs in your home. You can also

think of an LED as being like a simple water meter, since

as the electric current increases in a wire the LED

becomes brighter. It is shown here, with its symbol.

Take a look at the water diagram that follows. It shows

the flow of water from the pump through the faucet, the

small pipe, the water meter, the large pipes, and back to

the pump. Now compare it to the electrical diagram next

to it, called a schematic. Schematics are the “maps” for

electronic circuits and are used by all electronic

designers and technicians on everything from your

Electronic Playground to the most advanced

supercomputers. They show the flow of electricity from

the battery through the switch, the resistor, the LED, the

wires, and back to the battery. They also use the symbols

for the battery, switch, resistor, and LED that we talked

about. Notice how small and simple the schematic looks

compared to the water diagram; that is why we use it.

Now you will see how changing the resistance in the

circuit increases the current through it. Press the switch

again and observe the brightness of the LED. Now

remove the wires from the 10KWresistor (springs 44 and

45) and connect them to the 1KWresistor (springs 40 and

41). Press the switch. The LED is brighter now, do you

understand why? We are using a lower resistance (less

rocks), so there is more electrical current flowing (more

water flows), so the LED is brighter. Now replace the

1KWresistor with the 100KWresistor (springs 51 and 52)

and press the switch again. The LED will be on but will

be very dim (this will be easier to see if you wrap your

hand near the LED to keep the room lights from shining

on it).

Well done! You’ve just built YOUR first electronic circuit!

Water Meter LED Symbol for LED

Water Diagram

On/Off

Valve

Water

Meter

Rocks

Pump

Schematic

Ohm’s Law: You just observed that when you have less

resistance in the circuit, more current flows (making the

LED brighter). The relationship between voltage, current,

and resistance is known as Ohm’s Law (after George

Ohm who discovered it in 1828):

Current =

Resistance: Just what is Resistance? Take your hands

and rub them together very fast.Your hands should feel

warm. The friction between your hands converts your

effort into heat. Resistance is the electrical friction

between an electric current and the material it is flowing

through; it is the loss of energy from electrons as they

move between atoms of the material. Resistors are

made using carbon and can be constructed with different

resistive values, such as the seven parts included in your

Electronic Playground. If a large amount of current is

passed through a resistor then it will become warm due

to the electrical friction. Light bulbs use a small piece of

a highly resistive material called tungsten. Enough

current is passed through this tungsten to heat it until it

glows white hot, producing light. Metal wires have some

electrical resistance, but it is very low (less than 1Wper

foot) and can be ignored in almost all circuits. Materials

such as metals which have low resistance are called

conductors. Materials such as paper, plastic, and air

have extremely high values of resistance and are called

insulators.

Resistor Color Code: You may have seen the colored

bands on the resistors and may be wondering what they

mean. They are the method for marking the value of

resistance on the part. The first ring represents the first

digit of the resistor’s value. The second ring represents

the second digit of the resistor’s value. The third ring tells

you the power of ten to multiply by, (or the number of

zeros to add). The final and fourth ring represents the

construction tolerance. Most resistors have a gold band

for a 5% tolerance. This means the value of the resistor

is guaranteed to be within 5% of the value marked. The

colors below are used to represent the numbers 0

through 9.

Use the color code to check the values of the seven

resistors included in your Electronic Playground. (The

values are marked next to them on the box). They are all

5% tolerance.

The Variable Resistor:We talked about how a switch is

used to turn the electricity on and off just like a valve is

used to turn the water on and off. But there are many

times when you want some water but don’t need all that

the pipe can deliver, so you control the water by adjusting

an opening in the pipe with a faucet. Unfortunately, you

can’t adjust the thickness of an already thin wire. But you

could also control the water flow by forcing the water

through an adjustable length of rocks, as in the rock arm

shown below.

In electronics we use a variable resistor. This is a normal

resistor (50KWin your Playground) with an additional arm

contact that can move along the resistive material and

tap off the desired resistance.

There is a scale printed next to the dial on the variable

resistor which shows the percentage of the total

resistance that is between springs 49 and 50. The

remaining resistance will be between springs 48 and 49.

The resistance between springs 48 and 50 will always be

50KW, the total resistance.

Now let’s demonstrate how this works.

MORE ABOUT RESISTORS

-10-

Example of Color Code

OrangeRed

Violet Gold

27 X 103 = 27,000 W,

with 5% Tolerance

COLOR VALUE

Black 0

Brown 1

Red 2

Orange 3

Yellow 4

Green 5

Blue 6

Violet 7

Gray 8

White 9

Rock Arm

Variable Resistor

Insulating Base Material

Wiper Contact

Thin Layer of

Resistive

Material

Stationary

Contact

Movable

Arm

Leads

Variable

Resistor Symbol for Variable

Resistor

Voltage

Resistance

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