HP NetStorage 6000 Bedienungsanleitung

File Sharing Security

on the

hp surestore

netstorage 6000

White Paper

Table of Contents

1Introduction__________________________________________________ 4

2Security on UNIX Networks ______________________________________ 4

2.1 General Overview ___________________________________________ 4

2.2 Restricting User Access ________________________________________ 5

2.3 Restricting Host Access ________________________________________ 6

2.4 Considerations for the HP NetStorage 6000 _________________________ 6

2.4.1 Trusted Hosts __________________________________________________________6

2.4.2 The /etc Directory ______________________________________________________7

2.4.3 The /etc/approve File ___________________________________________________7

3Security on Windows Networks ___________________________________ 8

3.1 General Overview ___________________________________________ 8

3.2 Share Level Security __________________________________________ 9

3.3 User Level Security ___________________________________________ 9

3.3.1 NT Domains __________________________________________________________10

3.3.2 User Authentication _____________________________________________________12

3.3.3 Password Maintenance and Encryption _____________________________________13

3.3.4 Security Descriptors_____________________________________________________14

3.4 Considerations for the HP NetStorage 6000 ________________________ 16

3.4.1 Share Level Security ____________________________________________________16

3.4.2 User Level Security _____________________________________________________16

3.4.3 DOS attributes ________________________________________________________17

4Security on Mixed (UNIX/Windows) Networks_______________________ 17

4.1 General Overview __________________________________________ 17

5File Sharing Configuration ______________________________________ 18

5.1 File Volume Permissions _______________________________________ 18

5.2 Mapping Strategies _________________________________________ 19

5.2.1 User Mapping_________________________________________________________20

5.2.2 Group Mapping_______________________________________________________20

6Mapping Clients _____________________________________________ 20

6.1 Mapping Files _____________________________________________ 21

6.2 Establishing a Windows Client__________________________________ 22

6.3 Establishing a UNIX Client_____________________________________ 24

7Examples___________________________________________________ 24

7.1 Client with both UNIX and Windows Account________________________ 24

7.2 UNIX File Accessed by Windows Clients ___________________________ 25

7.3 Windows File Accessed by UNIX Clients ___________________________ 26

8File Format Details ____________________________________________ 27

8.1 HP NetStorage 6000 Files - passwd, group, users.map, group.map_________ 27

8.2 UNIX Files - passwd.nis and group.nis _____________________________ 28

9Acronyms __________________________________________________ 28

1Introduction

One of the most important aspects of serving data to clients over a network is the security mechanisms employed

by the server to protect the data from accidental or malicious tampering. The HP NetStorage 6000 is a (NAS)

Network Attached Storage Device with capabilities to serve files to Windows clients and UNIX/Linux clients

using the native file serving protocol of each client. The HP NetStorage 6000 server has extensive security

features built-in that leverage or extend the security mechanisms detailed in the specifications of each of these file

serving protocols. In addition, the HP NetStorage 6000 is capable of mapping the security features of one

protocol to the other. This feature allows files to be safely accessed through both protocols.

On a network of UNIX clients, the HP NetStorage 6000 provides a native interface to the files on the NAS

device through the Network File System (NFS). The NFS protocol is the native file serving protocol of UNIX

networks and integrates seamlessly with the established features of UNIX security and file locking. The HP

NetStorage 6000 is capable of serving files via NFS to a variety of UNIX and Linux clients.

On a network of Windows clients, the HP NetStorage 6000 provides a native interface to the data on the server

through the Common Internet File System (CIFS). This protocol is also commonly known as Server Message Block

(SMB). The HP NetStorage 6000 offers a mature and robust implementation of the CIFS protocol, complete with

the security mechanisms normally found on Windows servers. The HP NetStorage 6000 is capable of securing

file access to Windows clients in a variety of ways, depending on the security requirements of the network.

The HP NetStorage 6000 is capable of serving the same files over either the NFS or CIFS protocol. File servers

that can serve multiple protocols are commonly referred to as “Heterogeneous File Servers”. This capability adds

a new dimension to the security issue in the nature of mapping the security parameters from one file system

protocol to another. Although NFS and CIFS are both designed to serve files over a network, the methods by

which they protect their data from unauthorized access are very different. The HP NetStorage 6000 addresses

this issue by mapping the access information as needed, to determine the appropriate access to grant the user.

This document describes the general security aspects of the NFS and CIFS file serving protocols, including

special considerations on how they are implemented on the HP NetStorage 6000. In addition, the security

issues involved with offering files through both protocols on a server are covered in detail. Finally, the solutions

implemented on the HP NetStorage 6000 to address the multi-protocol security problems are presented.

2Security on UNIX Networks

2.1 General Overview

UNIX users gain access to remote resources on a network by mounting remote file systems (using the ‘mount’

command). Accessing remote file systems is accomplished over the network via the Network File System (NFS)

protocol. Remote file systems attach themselves to the directory tree of the local file system at a specified

location. The user interacts with the remote file system in the same way as the local file system.

There are two methods for restricting access to remote file systems on UNIX Networks. The first method involves

restricting access to individual resources (files and directories) to specific users or groups of users on the network.

The second method involves restricting resources to specific hosts (computers) or groups of hosts on the network.

2.2 Restricting User Access

All users on UNIX systems must perform a logon sequence before gaining access to the system. The logon

involves entering an appropriate name and password at the logon prompt. Once the logon data is entered, the

system searches the local passwd file for a matching entry. If a match is found, then the user is granted access,

and is assigned two 16 bit numeric identifiers that are associated with the user. These identifiers are referred to

as the UID (user ID), to specifically identify the user, and the GID (group ID) to specifically identify the group that

the user belongs to.

The UID and GID of a user governs all access to files and directories available to the user, including remote file

systems that the user mounts for access via the NFS protocol. All files and directories on UNIX style file systems

contain a small amount of metadata that identify who has access rights to the file. This metadata that is

associated with file security is defined as follows:

UID This is the identifier of the owner of the file

GID This is the identifier of the group owner of the file

Permission bits These bits identify the read, write and execute (rwx) privilege for the file’s owner, the

file’s group and anyone else who is not the owner or in the group (referred to as

other).

For example, a typical UNIX file permission might appear as follows in a directory listing:

-rwxr-x--x 1 Wilson Engineering 611 Nov 11 11:09 testfile

In this case ‘Wilson’ is the UNIX account that the file belongs to. Even though the metadata of the file stores the

UID of the owner, the Operating System was able to map the UID to the user name ‘Wilson’ in the passwd file

for display. The file also belongs to the group ‘Engineering’. The first field in the entry displays the permission

bits. In this case, the owner, ‘Wilson’, has read, write and execute (rwx) permissions. Users that belong to the

group ‘Engineering’, have read and execute (r-x) permission. All other users have execute only (--x)

permission.

When a user attempts to access a file, the file system first categorizes the user as either owner, group, or other,

based on matching the file UID and GID to the users UID and GID. Once the user is categorized, then the

permission bits of the category are examined to determine the allowed access.

An extension of this security system is the Network Information Services (NIS). The NIS service automatically

distributes centrally maintained system files to all of the host systems on the network. This allows security files,

such as the passwd file, to be maintained centrally. Using this service, users need not create and maintain a

separate account on each host. In fact, security can be enhanced by preventing users from creating and

managing local accounts on each host. NIS also prevents the same UID number being assigned to several

different users, which could be problematic in network file storage.

One of the weaknesses of this security system is that individuals on other UNIX host systems, that have root

access to their own system, can easily create local accounts that can have any UID they desire. Thus,

unscrupulous users can impersonate other accounts when accessing remote resources. To address this security

weakness, a second mechanism may be employed that restricts host access to remote resources.

2.3 Restricting Host Access

Since NFS servers do not distinguish between computers that are part of a secure network infrastructure (complete

with NIS centralized administration), and computers that exist outside of the sphere of administrator control, a

mechanism is needed to protect servers from unauthorized access. In typical UNIX installations, NFS mount

points on servers are listed in the /etc/exports file. The mount points listed in the /etc/exports file may also

contain restrictions on the clients that can mount the file system. This mechanism can be used to supply added

protection to resources on NFS servers.

2.4 Considerations for the HP NetStorage 6000

The HP NetStorage 6000 utilizes an internal file system that is native to UNIX environments. As such, it has

UNIX security mechanisms built-in, that may be leveraged when serving files over the NFS protocol. All resources

stored on the file system contain the security metadata noted in the previous sections.

The HP NetStorage 6000 does not support the concept of the /etc/exports file for managing mount points.

Instead, the NAS device automatically creates a single mount point at the root of all volumes created on the

system. Since the NAS device is specifically designed to share files, the exporting of mount points has been

automated.

The root directory of the mount points on the HP NetStorage 6000 are given special permissions to facilitate

appropriate access to users. The owner and group of this directory are root (UID = 0, GID = 0), and the

permissions are read, write, and execute to owner, group and other (rwxrwxrwx). One consequence of this

setting is that all users can delete any file in the root of the mount point. Therefore, administrators are

encouraged to avoid storing files in the root of the mount point.

The group assignment to files created in a file volume on UNIX can be performed in a variety of ways. On the

HP NetStorage 6000, when a new file is created, the group assignment is inherited from the directory where the

file is created. For example, if the group owner for directory /acct/usr is accountants (GID = 501), then all files

created in that directory will be assigned a group owner of accountants (GID = 501).

2.4.1 Trusted Hosts

All UNIX clients that mount to file systems on the HP NetStorage 6000 use the UID and GID of their account,

when accessing files. A special case is the root user (UID = 0). In UNIX, the root user is a Super User, with full

access to all files and directories in the file system. Due to the extensive rights provided to the root user, and the

extensive damage that can be done by a malicious root user, the HP NetStorage 6000 does not trust them by

default. Clients that attach with root privilege are given access as user ‘nobody’ (UID = 60001), with no special

rights or privileges.

The administrator can override this default behavior by declaring a particular client to be a Trusted Host. A root

user mounting a HP NetStorage 6000 file system from a client that is a Trusted Host will be given root privilege

(UID = 0) to the file system. This feature allows administration of the file system by a root user, while at the same

time, protecting the file system from other root users that should not have privileged access to the HP NetStorage

6000 file systems.

The administrator may declare Trusted Hosts using the web based administration tool, or the telnet administration

tool of the HP NetStorage 6000.

2.4.2 The /etc Directory

It is necessary to maintain a number of system files on the HP NetStorage 6000 in an accessible place for

administrative purposes. Some of the more common files found in this directory are as follows:

hosts Host name resolution

group Define local group accounts

passwd Define local user accounts

hostgrps Define groups of host computers

approve Restrict host access

These files are all stored in the /etc directory on the first volume created on the system. The files in the /etc

directory are for system management purposes and cannot be deleted. If the volume that stores the /etc

directory is ever deleted, then the system moves the contents of this directory to another available volume.

Of the files listed above, the hosts file, the group file and the passwd file may be edited through the web based

user interface, or the telnet interface of the HP NetStorage 6000. In some cases, it is necessary to edit these

files directly using a text editor. By default, all files in the /etc directory belong to the root user, and may only be

edited by the root user. Therefore, the only way to edit these files directly (using a text editor) is to mount the file

system as the root user from a Trusted Host (discussed in the previous section).

Important Note:The HP NetStorage 6000 does NOT authenticate UNIX accounts and thus does not use the

passwd file, the group file, or the equivalent security files from NIS for authentication or account name resolution.

The only reason to store and maintain these files is to map UNIX users to NT users. If the NAS device is not used

for NT access, or if the storage for NT users and the storage for UNIX users are kept separate, then there is no

need to maintain these files.

2.4.3 The /etc/approve File

Since the HP NetStorage 6000 does not support the /etc/exports file, support has been added for a file named

/etc/approve. This file can be used to restrict NFS access to particular clients on the network.

Currently, the administrator has a limited ability to indirectly edit the /etc/approve file using the web based

administration tool. Each volume on the server allows general UNIX access settings of No Access, Read Only or

Read/Write. These settings apply to all clients accessing any resource on the volume.

In order to restrict individual clients and groups of clients to specific resources on the HP NetStorage 6000, the

/etc/approve file must be edited manually. Entries in the /etc/approve file have four fields. These fields are

defined as follows:

class This field specifies the class of object to protect. In all cases, the object is ‘files’.

specifier This field specifies the resources on the HP NetStorage 6000 to protect. For example,

‘/engineering’, applies to all files and directories in the /engineering file system.

host pattern This field has the name of a host or group of hosts that have access rights. Host names must be

resolvable through the local /etc/hosts file, the NIS hosts file, or through DNS. Groups of

hosts are specified in the /etc/hostgrps file. If the host pattern is the name of a group, then it

must be preceded by the @ symbol. The wildcard character ( * ) may be used to specify all

hosts.

rights This field specifies the access limits to apply. The entry in this field can be one of the following:

access=rw Allow read and write access to the resources

access=ro Allow read only access to the resources

access=none Deny all access to the resource

Following is a list of example entries in the /etc/approve file:

#class specifier host pattern rights

files /acct/usr @executive access=rw

files /acct/etc it1 access=rw

files /acct/etc it2 access=rw

files / @untrusted access=none

files /acct/usr/theList.txt guest access=ro

The first entry allows read/write access to all client systems defined in the ‘executive’ group (listed in the

/etc/hostgrps file) to all files and directories under the /acct/usr directory. The second and third entry allows

read/write access to the machines ‘it1’ and ‘it2’ to all files and directories in the /acct/etc directory. The fourth

entry denies all access on all file systems to any machine in the ‘untrusted’ group. The last entry grants specific

read only access to a single file for any user on the ‘guest’ machine.

Note that the file is searched sequentially for a match. Once an entry is found that matches the host and the

resource to restrict, then all other entries are ignored.

3Security on Windows Networks

3.1 General Overview

Two distinct mechanisms are used on Windows networks to provide security for resources. They are known as

“Share Level Security” and “User Level Security”.

The simplest and least secure mechanism is known as Share Level Security. This security mode allows each

network share to be protected with a password. Although the mechanism is very limited, it is useful on small

networks that utilize peer-to-peer networking. Share Level Security is the default security mode of Windows for

Workgroups, Windows 95 and Windows 98.

User Level Security is more complex to implement, but is easier for the end user, and more flexible in terms of

what can be protected and how. In this mode, each user is provided a logon account, and must be

authenticated on that account before gaining access to resources on a computer. This security mode is most

appropriate in client-server based networks. User Level Security is the default security mode of Windows NT and

Windows 2000.

The following sections explain these security modes in more detail.

3.2 Share Level Security

Share Level security is the simplest SMB security mode to use, but offers the least security. In this mode, each

share may be protected by a password. When the server administrator defines a new share, a password is

specified to protect the share from unauthorized access. When a user first accesses the share, the user is

prompted for the password. Once the password is entered and verified, then the user has full access to all files

on the share. Share Level security is the default security mode for Windows for Workgroups and Windows 95.

Share Level security may be implemented to allow both Read/Write access, as well as Read Only access to

shares. Each share may be protected by one Read/Write password and one Read Only password. The

access allowed on the share (Read/Write or Read Only) is dictated by the password entered by the user.

This mechanism is sufficient in small networking environments. However, in large environments, the model breaks

down. If a different password is used to protect each share, and if many shares are defined on a network, then

managing and remembering all those passwords becomes extremely difficult. In addition, the granularity of

protection extends only to the share. Any user that has access to the share, has access to all of the files in the

share. There is no way to limit access to individual files within a share.

In most cases, when a user enters a password to access a share, the client system creates a session with the

server that may extend beyond the expected interval. For example, if a user accesses a share via Network

Neighborhood (and providing the correct password), closes the Explorer window, and then returns to the share

at a later time, the user may not be prompted again for the password, since the original session is still active. In

addition, the client system may cache the password, and submit it again automatically on behalf of the user

when a session is ended and a new one is activated with the same share. To summarize, users should not

expect to have to enter in the password to a share more than once in a typical Windows session.

3.3 User Level Security

User Level Security offers the superior flexibility and ease of use on networks with a significant number of users

and/or resources. In this mode, each user is provided a logon account to a computer or network. The user only

has to remember the credentials for this one account, instead of numerous passwords for network shares.

Resources can be protected with a much finer granularity. Not only can shares be protected, but directories and

individual files may be protected as well. Also, each resource may be protected on a user by user basis that

allows almost infinite permutations of access restrictions of users and groups of users. User Level Security is the

default security mode of Windows NT systems.

The user accounts may be either local machine accounts for access to a single computer, or they may be

accounts that apply to all computers attached to the network. If a computer is attached to a network, then local

machine accounts are of little value, since the user of that account may only access resources on that computer,

and not any other computer on the network. On the other hand, network wide accounts allow users to access

resources on other computers on the network. In addition, these accounts allow the user to logon to any

computer on the network.

On NT networks, the network wide user accounts are managed through NT domains. The architecture of NT

domains is discussed in the next section.

Under User Level security, each computer on the network is responsible for authenticating users, before the user is

allowed to access the resources on that computer. Once a user is authenticated on a computer, a session is

established with the user. Thus, the user will not need to be authenticated again during that session. This not

only applies to users accessing machines directly (interactive logon), but also to users accessing resources on

remote servers (remote, or network logon).

Interactive logon is a very common experience for most users. Every time a Windows NT computer boots, a user

must logon to the system before gaining access to any resource. The user is prompted to press Ctrl-Alt-Del and

then enter a name, password and NT Domain name at the console of the local computer. Once the user is

authenticated with these credentials, then the user is allowed access to the resources of the computer.

Remote logon is not as obvious to most users. When a user attempts to access files on a remote computer (such

as through Network Neighborhood, or by mapping a network drive to a drive letter), the remote computer must

first authenticate the user before allowing access, even though the user has already logged onto the local system.

Unlike the interactive logon, remote logon usually occurs automatically, without user interaction. The local

computer will offer the account name and password from the interactive logon as credentials to logon to the

remote computer.

3.3.1 NT Domains

NT Domains provide the means of authenticating users on a network, both for interactive logon, as well as

remote logon. In addition, NT Domains are used to group together and manage resources on a network. An

NT Domain is defined by one or more NT servers acting in the role of a Domain Controller. The NT Domain

must have one and only one server configured as the Primary Domain Controller (PDC). All other Domain

Controllers in the domain must be Backup Domain Controllers (BDC). All Domain Controllers store a current copy

of the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) database, and use this database to authenticate users. The domain

administrator manages the SAM database from the Primary Domain Controller. Backup Domain Controllers

manage a read-only version of the SAM database, replicated from the PDC. The purpose of having multiple

Domain Controllers in a domain is for redundancy and load balancing.

One important aspect of NT Domains is the concept of Trust relationships. One NT Domain may be configured

to “Trust” another NT Domain, so that the first domain trusts the members of another domain. Trust relationships

are one way. Domain A can be configured to trust Domain B, but the reverse would not be true. When Domain

A trusts Domain B, then the user accounts on Domain B are given access to resources on Domain A, just as

though the user accounts existed on Domain A.

The concept of the Trust allows the administration of the user accounts and the network resources to be distributed

among multiple NT Domains. One common architecture is to allocate all resources in one or more resource

domains and allocate all user accounts on one or more account domains. There is nothing special about these

domains other than how the administrator has used them to manage user and resource accounts. The domains

are then linked together by having the resource domains Trust the account domains.

A common architecture is to have one or more domains configured as resource domains, and one domain

configured as the account domain. All of the resource domains are then configured to trust the account domain.

In NT literature, this architecture is known as the Master Domain model. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the trust

relationships in the master domain model. Each circle in the diagram represents a different NT domain.

Domains X, Yand Zare configured as resource domains. Domain Ais configured as an account domain. The

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