LUDLUM 192 Bedienungsanleitung

LUDLUM MODEL 192

SURVEY METER

March 2015

Serial Number 296865 and Succeeding

Serial Numbers,

And serial Numbers 294894, 294903, 294918

LUDLUM MODEL 192

SURVEY METER

March 2015

Serial Number 296865 and Succeeding

Serial Numbers,

And serial Numbers 294894, 294903, 294918

STATEMENT OF WARRANTY

Ludlum Measurements, Inc. warrants the products covered in this manual to be free of

defects due to workmanship, material, and design for a period of twelve months from the

date of delivery. The calibration of a product is warranted to be within its specified

accuracy limits at the time of shipment. In the event of instrument failure, notify Ludlum

Measurements to determine if repair, recalibration, or replacement is required.

This warranty excludes the replacement of photomultiplier tubes, G-M and proportional

tubes, and scintillation crystals which are broken due to excessive physical abuse or used

for purposes other than intended.

There are no warranties, express or implied, including without limitation any implied

warranty of merchantability or fitness, which extend beyond the description of the face

there of. If the product does not perform as warranted herein, purchaser’s sole remedy

shall be repair or replacement, at the option of Ludlum Measurements. In no event will

Ludlum Measurements be liable for damages, lost revenue, lost wages, or any other

incidental or consequential damages, arising from the purchase, use, or inability to use

product.

RETURN OF GOODS TO MANUFACTURER

If equipment needs to be returned to Ludlum Measurements, Inc. for repair or calibration, please send to

the address below. All shipments should include documentation containing return shipping address,

customer name, telephone number, description of service requested, and all other necessary information.

Your cooperation will expedite the return of your equipment.

LUDLUM MEASUREMENTS, INC.

ATTN: REPAIR DEPARTMENT

501 OAK STREET

SWEETWATER, TX 79556

800-622-0828 325-235-5494

FAX 325-235-4672

Ludlum Measurements, Inc. March 2015

Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Getting Started 2

Unpacking and Repacking 2-1

Battery Installation 2-1

Battery Test 2-2

Operational Check 2-2

Surveying for Radiation 2-4

Background and Manmade Radiation 2-4

Radiation Limits 2-4

Suggested Survey Technique 2-4

Range Selector and Actual Measurement 2-5

False Alarms 2-6

Specifications 3

Identification of Controls and Functions 4

Safety Considerations 5

Environmental Conditions for Normal Use 5-1

Warning Markings and Symbols 5-1

Cleaning and Maintenance Precautions 5-2

Maintenance 6

Recalibration 6-1

Batteries 6-2

Technical Theory of Operation 7

Input 7-1

Amplifier 7-1

Discriminator 7-1

Scale Ranging 7-1

Digital Analog Converter 7-2

Audio 7-2

Meter Drive 7-2

Model192SurveyMeter TechnicalManual

Ludlum Measurements, Inc. March 2015

Fast/Slow Time Constant 7-2

Low Voltage Supply 7-2

High Voltage Supply 7-3

Alarm 7-3

Reset 7-3

Recycling 8

Radiation Basics 9

Radiation and Life 9-1

The Unstable Atom 9-2

Radioactive Decay 9-3

Ionizing Radiation 9-4

Measuring Ionizing Radiation 9-5

What are the Health Risks from Ionizing Radiation? 9-6

How Much Ionizing Radiation is Dangerous? 9-7

Background Radiation 9-10

Manmade Radiation 9-11

Protection from Radiation 9-11

Standards and Regulation 9-12

Who is in Charge? 9-12

Troubleshooting 10

Troubleshooting Electronics which utilize a Scintillation Detector 10-1

Parts List 11

Model 192 Survey Meter 11-1

Main Board, Drawing 464 x 253 11-1

Wiring Diagram, Drawing 464 × 541 11-4

Drawings and Diagrams 12

Model192SurveyMeter TechnicalManual Section1

Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 1-1 March 2015

Introduction

he Ludlum Model 192 Survey Meter is a portable gamma survey

instrument with adjustable audio and visual alarms. The instrument

utilizes an internally mounted 5.1 x 2.5 cm (2 x 1 in.) sodium iodide

[NaI(T1)] scintillator, which offers optimum performance in

locating and measuring low levels (near background) of gamma radiation.

The Model 192 offers two types of alarms for both avid and inexperienced

users: (1) a user-adjustable, meter-driven alarm for alarm indication above a

particular set point, and (2) a deviation beep alarm, which gives indication to

the rise of radiation above background levels.

The unit features range multipliers of ×1, ×10, ×100, and ×1000, which

provide an overall range of 0-5000 microroentgens per hour (µR/hr) when

used in conjunction with a 0-5 µR/hr meter dial (others are available). Other

features include a two-position meter response time switch, adjustable

detector operating voltage (HV), and an audio ON/OFF switch.

The instrument is capable of using either standard ˝D˝cell flashlight

batteries or nickel-cadmium, rechargeable batteries. However, the Model 192

does not include circuitry for recharging the batteries. The two ˝D˝cell

batteries are located in an isolated compartment, easily accessible from the

front panel.

Sectio

Model192SurveyMeter Technical Manual Section 2

Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 2-1 March 2015

Getting Started

Unpacking and Repacking

Remove the calibration certificate and place it in a secure location. Remove

the instrument and accessories (batteries, cable, etc.) and ensure that all of

the items listed on the packing list are in the carton. Check individual item

serial numbers and ensure calibration certificates match. The Model 192

serial number is located on the front panel below the battery compartment.

To return an instrument for repair or calibration, provide sufficient packing

material to prevent damage during shipment. Also provide appropriate

warning labels to ensure careful handling. Include detector(s) and related

cable(s) for calibration.

Every returned instrument must be accompanied by an Instrument Return

Form, which can be downloaded from the Ludlum website at

www.ludlums.com. Find the form by clicking the “Support” tab and

selecting “Repair and Calibration” from the drop-down menu. Then choose

the appropriate Repair and Calibration division where you will find a link to

the form.

Battery Installation

Ensure the Model 192 range selector switch is in the OFF position. Open the

battery lid by pushing down and turning the quarter-turn thumbscrew

counterclockwise a quarter of a turn. Install two ˝D˝size batteries in the

compartment. Note the (+) and (-) marks inside the battery door. Match the

battery polarity to these marks. Close the battery box lid, push down, and

turn the quarter-turn thumb screw clockwise a quarter of a turn.

Note:

The center post of a flashlight battery is positive. The batteries

are placed in the battery compartment in opposite directions.

Sectio

Model192SurveyMeter Technical Manual Section 2

Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 2-2 March 2015

Battery Test

The batteries should be checked each time the instrument is turned on.

Move the range selector switch to the BAT position. Ensure that the meter

needle deflects to the battery check portion on the meter scale. If the meter

does not respond, check to see if the batteries have been correctly installed.

Replace the batteries if necessary.

Operational Check

Ensure that both toggle switches (AUD ON/OFF and F/S) are in the up (ON

and F) position.

Note:

Operation of this instrument with the toggle switches in the

down (OFF and S) position is not recommended for surveys.

These positions should be used for specific measurements in a

radiation field or “hot spot.”

Turn the range selector switch to the BAT position. The meter needle should

fall within the BAT OK or BAT TEST marks on the meter face. Replace the

batteries if needed.

Background radiation levels are established by the instrument immediately

following power-up, and for eight seconds thereafter. To signify that the

instrument is not yet ready to survey, an audible beep will be heard, and the

ALARM lamp will flash (during the initial eight seconds after power-up).

Once the beeps are silenced, the instrument is ready for normal operation.

The instrument then waits for an additional eight seconds before giving

indication of a detector fail condition. In the event of a detector failure, the

instrument beeps rapidly and displays a meter reading of zero.

Important!

To ensure the highest sensitivity of beep deviation (increase in

beep frequency) for small increases in background radiation,

be sure to power up the instrument (or press RESET) in an area

of normal background radiation.

Turn the range selector switch to the ×10 position. If no source of radiation

is nearby, any meter deflection should be due to background radiation. At

Model192SurveyMeter Technical Manual Section 2

Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 2-3 March 2015

Ludlum Measurements, a typical background reading is 6-12 µR/hr (0.06-

0.12 µSv/h).

Expose the instrument to a check source with the source oriented with the

center of the crystal (identified by the intersection of the indentations on the

instrument “can”) and verify that the instrument indicates within 20% of the

check source reading obtained during the last calibration.

Note:

To aid in consistent check source readings between

operational checks, orientate the source to the instrument

crystal in identical fashion for each check.

Audible beeps should be heard with increasing frequency as the source is

brought closer to the detector, and as the meter needle deflects upscale.

Ensure that the ALARM lamp and constant audible tone are activated when

the check source is positioned to where the meter needle deflects above the

alarm threshold.

The AUD ON/OFF switch will silence the audible clicks if in the OFF position.

It is recommended that the AUD ON/OFF switch be kept in the OFF position

when not needed, in order to preserve battery life.

Note:

Operation of this instrument with the AUD ON/OFF switch in

the down (OFF) position is not recommended for surveys. This

position should be used for specific measurements in a

radiation field or “hot spot.”

Increase the source activity for a measurement of 10-100 uR/hr. While

observing the meter fluctuations, select between the fast and slow response

time (F/S) positions to observe variations in the display. The ˝S˝position

should respond approximately five times slower than the ˝F ˝position.

Note:

The slow response position is normally used when the

instrument is displaying low numbers, which require a more

stable meter movement. This position is not recommended for

surveys. The fast response position is used at high rate levels.

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