NXP Semiconductors EdgeLock A5000 Montage- und Bedienungsanleitung

AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-

counterfeit protection using device-to-device authentication

Rev. 1.0 — 28 March 2022 Application note

Document information

Information Content

Keywords A5000, mutual authentication, proof of possession

Abstract This document describes how to leverage A5000 for device-to-device

authentication

NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

Revision history

Revision

number

Date Description

1.0 2022-03-28 Initial version

Revision history

Application note Rev. 1.0 — 28 March 2022

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NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

1 Device-to-device authentication

The IoT environment increases the exposure of high value components to new

security threats. OEM manufacturers need to protect themselves from non-authorized

components, discriminate original devices from fake copies, avoid device misuse and

over usage, and make sure customers purchase original equipment.

If we do not take security into account, attackers may try to compromise our devices by:

•Exploiting software bugs

•Extracting secret device keys

•Inserting counterfeit devices

•Abusing untrusted connections

•Disclosing confidential data, etc

These security threats are significantly serious for IoT systems dealing with real time

processes, even risking safety in case of medical devices, industrial processes, energy

grids or traffic lights automation, among others.

For illustrative purposes, let's assume an OEM which manufactures a certain type

of machinery controlled by a centralized control unit as shown in Figure 1. As these

machines perform some critical tasks in the manufacturing plant:

•The control unit authenticates the machine that is attempting to connect to it.

•The machines also authenticate the control unit that will manage it.

Therefore, only authenticated machines and control units will be used in the supply

chain. This mechanism ensures protection against rogue devices that might damage

production, degrading security levels or risking employee safety.

Figure 1. Device-to-device authentication scenario

The exchange of digital certificates is the basis of the authentication process. The two

parties each check that the certificate is valid and was issued by a trusted authority,

known as Certificate Authority. Section 2 describes how certificates are verified using a

certificate chain of trust.

Digital certificates, as public information, are susceptible to be intercepted and be

misused. For this reason, a proof of possession of the certificate private key is an

essential requirement to validate the certificate source. Section 3 describes how to

leverage A5000 to conduct the proof of possession.

The private key must be kept secret and protected. The leakage of any private key

compromises the identity verification and the overall system security. The A5000

provides a trust anchor at the silicon level, providing a tamper-resistant platform capable

of securely storing keys and credentials needed for offline authentication.

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NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

2 Certificate chain of trust

IoT requires each device to possess a unique identity. For certificate-based

authentication scheme, the identity is made of:

•Device certificate

•Device key pair

The digital certificate binds an identity with a public key. Digital certificates are verified

using a chain of trust. The certificate chain of trust is a structure of certificates that enable

the receiver to verity that the sender and all CA's are trustworthy. The trust anchor for the

digital certificate is the root CA.

Certificates are issued and signed by certificates that reside higher in the certificate

hierarchy, so the validity and trustworthiness of a given certificate is determined by the

corresponding validity of the certificate that signed it. The certificate chain of trust results

in a root CA signing an intermediate CA that in turn signs a leaf certificate as shown in

Figure 2

Verify Signature

Sign

Owner‘s name

Leaf

certificate

Owner‘s public key

Issuer‘s (CA) name

Issuer‘s (CA) signature

Owner‘s private key

Intermediate

certificate

Issuer‘s name

Issuer‘s public key

Root CA‘s name

Root CA signature

Issuer‘s private key

Root CA‘s name

Root

certificate

Root CA‘s public key

Root CA‘s signature

Root CA private key

Sign

Verify Signature

Reference

Self-Sign

Figure 2. Certificate chain of trust

IoT devices manufactured by the OEM should be equipped with a unique key pair and a

digital certificate signed by the OEM's CA certificate. The OEM's CA certificate is used to

sign all the certificates of the devices manufactured by the OEM. Precisely, this signature

provides the means to verify the validity of device certificates in the field (Figure 3).

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NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

Figure 3. Certificate hierarchy

Before a machine or control unit manufactured by the OEM goes to the operation phase,

they must possess the CA certificate, an individual certificate and a key pair securely

stored as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Machine and control unit credentials

Secure silicon chips like A5000 are capable of internally protecting private keys in IoT

devices. The CA certificate could optionally be stored outside the A5000. Section 5

outlines the A5000 trust provisioning models available.

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NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

3 Mutual authentication flow

The authentication flow consists of a mutual authentication procedure. First, the machine

will authenticate the control unit that it will be connected to. After that, the control unit will

authenticate the machine that attempts to connect.

3.1 Control unit authentication

The authentication of the control unit consists of two steps: the certificate validation and

the private key proof of possession as shown in Figure 5.

Certificate validation:

The first step is the verification of the control unit digital certificate.

1. The control unit sends its device certificate together with its hierarchy of CA

certificates.

2. The machine validates that the provided certificate chain of trust is valid by verifying

the signatures of all the certificates in the chain up to the root CA

If the control unit certificate is valid, it means that the public key included in it can be

trusted.

Proof of possession:

The second step is the proof of possession. This procedure is needed to make sure that

the certificate we verified belongs to the control unit. This proof of possession mechanism

ensures that the uploader of the certificate also knows the associated private key. For

that,

1. The machine generates a random challenge

2. The control unit returns the random challenge signed, using its private key stored

inside A5000.

3. The machine validates the random number signature with the public key obtained

from the control unit certificate.

A successful response means that the control unit is authentic. Bear in mind that the trust

relies on protecting the private key. For this reason, the use of A5000 is fundamental to

make sure the private key is not compromised.

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NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

Figure 5. Control unit authentication flow

3.2 Machine authentication

The authentication of the machine also consists of two steps: the certificate validation

and the private key proof of possession as shown in Figure 6. These two steps are

equivalent to the ones performed for the control unit authentication.

Certificate validation:

The first step is the verification of the machine digital certificate.

1. The machine sends its device certificate together with its hierarchy of CA certificates.

2. The control unit validates that the provided certificate chain of trust is valid by verifying

the signatures of all the certificates in the chain up to the root CA

If the machine certificate is valid, it means that the public key included in it can be

trusted.

Proof of possesion:

The second step is the proof of possession. This procedure is needed to make sure that

the certificate we received belongs to the machine. This proof of possession mechanism

ensures that the uploader of the certificate also knows the associated private key. For

that,

1. The control unit generates a random challenge

2. The machine returns the random challenge signed, using its private key stored inside

A5000.

3. The control unit validates the random number signature with the public key obtained

from the machine certificate

A successful response means that the machine is authentic. Bear in mind that the trust

relies on protecting the private key. For this reason, the use of A5000 is fundamental to

make sure the private key is not compromised.

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NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

Figure 6. Machine authentication flow

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NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

4 Evaluating A5000 for anticounterfeit protection

This chapter describes how to evaluate the A5000 Secure Authenticator for

anticounterfeit protection using device-to-device authentication. The following description

is provided only for demonstration. Therefore, the subsequent procedure must be

adapted and adjusted accordingly for commercial deployment.

The Plug Trust Middleware offers out of the box several software libraries to implement

and verify a device-to-device authentication on devices running an embedded Linux

distribution.

•OpenSSL

•PKCS11

•Plug&Trust Middleware SSS API

The following chapters are demonstrating the principal of the machine and control unit

authentication flow based on the theoretical example described in Section 3“. To simplify

the hardware setup a single A5000 Secure Authenticator IC is used.

To keep the example as simple as possible only A5000 pre-provisioned credentials are

used to demonstrate the Mutual Authentication.

The examples are divided into the following steps to introduce the A5000 and the

Plug&Trust OpenSSL engine and the ssscli tools:

1. Section 4.1 Hard- and software setup

2. Section 4.2 OpenSLL engine overview

3. Section 4.3 Plug & Trust Middleware ssscli tool introduction

4. Section 4.4 Pre-provisioned A5000 device certificates used by the example

5. Section 4.5 Retrieve the pre-provisioned A5000 credentials

6. Section 4.6 Chain of trust of the pre-provisioned device certificates

7. Section 4.7 Mutual authentication flow

a. Section 4.7.1 Control unit authentication

b. Section 4.7.2 Machine authentication

The physical I2C connection between the Raspberry Pi and the A5000 Secure

Authenticator can be established either in plain or secured (authenticated and encrypted)

using the Global Platform Secure Channel Protocol 03 (SCP03). Section 4.8 gives a brief

overview about Global Platform Secure Channel Protocol 03 and explains how to run the

examples using Platform SCP.

How to manage access from multiple Linux processes to the A5000 authenticator

application is briefly discussed in Section 4.9 .

4.1 Hard- and software setup

The following hardware is used for this demo as a reference for any other embedded

Linux board like the NXP i.MX8:

•Raspberry Pi3 Model B+ or Pi4 Model B

•OM-A5000ARD development kit (NXP 12NC: 935424319598)

•Optional - OM-SE050RPI adapter board for Raspberry Pi (NXP 12NC: 935379833598)

The AN12570 "Quick start guide with Raspberry Pi" describes the hardware and software

for the NXP SE05x Secure Element. Chapter “3.3. Build EdgeLock SE Plug & Trust

Application note Rev. 1.0 — 28 March 2022

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NXP Semiconductors AN13500

EdgeLock A5000 Secure Authenticator for electronic anti-counterfeit protection using device-to-device

authentication

Middleware test examples” describes the CMake settings to build the middleware

accessing a SE05x Secure Element.

To build the Plug & Trust Middleware to support the A5000 Secure Authenticator

application the following CMake setting needs to be modified before building the

middlware:

•Select AUTH for the CMake option PTWM_Applet.

•Select None for the CMake option PTWM_FIPS.

•Select 07_02 for the CMake option PTWM_SE05X_Ver.

•Disable the CMake option SSSFTR_SE05X_RSA.

The project settings can be specified dynamically using the CMake GUI. Figure 7 shows

a CMake GUI screenshot with EdgeLock A5000 project settings.

•Run the following commands to update the CMake settings and rebuild the Plug &

Trust Middleware:

cd ~/se_mw/simw-top_build/raspbian_native_se050_t1oi2c

cmake-gui .

Update the CMake settings as explained above. Press first Configure and second

Generate and close the CMake GUI.

cmake --build .

sudo make install

sudo ldconfig /usr/local/lib/

Application note Rev. 1.0 — 28 March 2022

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