Leica DM LSP Bedienungsanleitung

MICROSYSTEMS

Leica DMLSP

Instructions · Bedienungsanleitung

Mode d’emploi

Phone/Tel./Tél. +49 (0) 6441-29 22 80

Fax +49 (0) 6441-29 22 55

3rd edition, issued in 2000 by/

3. Auflage, herausgegeben 2000 von/

Edtion 1998 par:

Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH

Ernst-Leitz-Strasse

D-35578 Wetzlar (Germany)

Responsible for contents/

Verantwortlich für den Inhalt/

Département responsable du contenu:

Marketing MQM, Product Management

This manual is a supplement to the main DMLS

manual, which is also supplied with every

DMLSP polarizing microscope in English,

French and German. The manual DM LS also

contains all the technical data and safety infor-

mation.

A special brief instruction manual for the

DMLSP is also available in several languages.

Information about the range of objectives is

given on the separate “OPTICS” data sheet.

Diese Anleitung ist eine Ergänzung zur ausführli-

chen Anleitung DMLS, die in Deutsch, Englisch

und Französisch jedem Polarisationsmikroskop

DMLSP ebenfalls beigefügt ist. Die Anleitung

DMLS enthält darüber hinaus sämtliche techni-

sche Daten, Sicherheitshinweise und Grundla-

gen zum Mikroskop.

Zusätzlich ist eine spezielle Kurzanleitung

DMLSP in verschiedenen Sprachen verfügbar.

Über das Objektivprogramm informiert das ge-

trennte Datenblatt „OPTIK“.

Cette notice est un complément du mode d’em-

ploi complet Leica DMLS en français, allemand

et anglais qui est également fourni avec chaque

microscope polarisant Leica DMLSP. Le mode

d’emploi du Leica DMLS contient des données

techniques, des consignes de sécurité et des in-

formations générales qui se rapportent au mi-

croscope de base.

Le mode d’emploi condensé est lui aussi dispo-

nible en différentes langues.

Informations sur le programme objectif : voir

feuilles de données séparées «OPTIQUE».

Leica DMLSP

Instructions

MICROSYSTEMS

02_Mont_Anl_DMLSP eng.qxp 12.03.2001 22:47 Uhr Seite 3

Contents

Pol components .................................................... 5

Adjustment.............................................................. 7

Operation of objectives (Pol) .............................. 8

Operation of transmitted light polarization ...... 9

Evaluation of conoscopy...................................... 14

Possible errors ...................................................... 15

Incident light techniques .................................... 15

EU conformity declaration .................................. 16

Text Symbols and their meaning:

Caution! Operation errors can dam-

age the microscope and/or its acces-

sories.

Not part of all configurations/option.

Numbers with an arrow, e.g. →p. 20,

refer to a particular page in this man-

ual.

Numbers in brackets, e.g. (1.2), refer

to illustrations, in this example Fig. 1,

item 2.

→p. 20

(1.2)

02_Mont_Anl_DMLSP eng.qxp 01.03.2001 16:47 Uhr Seite 4

Pol components

Components

The microscope model DMLSP (Fig. 43) differs in

the following points from the DMLS model

described on pages 5 – 51. However, all points of

the DMLS manual apply to the DM LSP as well

as long as it is equipped with the relevant com-

ponents. The following components are the only

ones that cannot be used.

●Filter magazine (Fig. 11)

●Filter holder for 2 filters (Fig. 12). For combina-

tion with IC/P polarizer (43.10) only: the similar

filter holder (43.11), although for one filter only,

should be used instead.

●Heating stages

Pol tubes

Polarization tubes have a groove on the under-

side into which a guide pin in the Pol microscope

stand and the Pol module engages, so that the

cross line in the → Pol eyepiece is oriented. For

this purpose, the right-hand eyepiece mount has

a snap-in groove and a mechanical compensa-

tion to make sure that the cross line in the eye-

piece remains oriented when the interpupillary

distance is adjusted → p. 28. The following tubes

are available, on the outside they are only slight-

ly different from the normal tubes illustrated in

Fig. 35 and 37: explanation of abbreviations

→ p. 25.

●LMP--7 Monocular Pol tube

●HC LBP 0/3/4Binocular Pol tube

●HC L1TP 4/5/7 Trinocular Pol tube with

1 beamsplitter switching position (intensity

ratio of binocular viewing port: monocular

photo/TV exit = 50 %:50%).

●HC L3TP 4/5/7 Trinocular Pol tube with

3 switching positions (intensity ration bin: ver-

tical exit 100%:0%/50:50%/0:100%).

Ordinary tubes can also be used for polarization

microscopy, although the orientation of the cross

line in the eyepiece is not then guaranteed. In

this case the disturbing bearing ring with latch in

the Pol eyepiece can be removed with a very

small screwdriver. If using additional graticules,

e.g. for photomicrography, you should order a

third eyepiece, as 2 different graticules in the left

and right-hand eyepieces are irritating.

Pol eyepieces

On polarized light microscopes like the DMLSP,

the (right-hand) eyepiece has a cross line which

is aligned by a latch and corresponding groove

in the right-hand tube. If aligned in a horizontal/

vertical position (Fig. 41/42) the crossline in-

dicates the vibration direction of the polarizer

(east – west) and the analyser (north – south). If

the crossline is set at an angle of 45°, it indicates

the vibration direction in a birefringent specimen

when it is rotated to a diagonal position (= max.

light intensity). There is also a scale for length

measurement → p. 42.

Pol module

The Pol module (intermediate tube, 43.3; 43.4) also

has an orientation (see above). It consists of:

●a switchable analyser (43.4), orientation north

– south.

●a switchable (43.3) and centerable (43.3a)

Bertrand lens for conoscopy →p. 10, with

coupled pinhole diaphragm for conoscopic

isolation of small specimen areas.

02_Mont_Anl_DMLSP eng.qxp 01.03.2001 16:47 Uhr Seite 5

●Quartz plate. This has a depolarizing effect.

If the tube is mounted directly to the micro-

scope, i.e. without the Pol module and there-

fore without the quartz plate, anomalous inter-

ference colours (pseudodichroism) may occur

when the analyser is disengaged.

Centering nosepiece

All objectives of the quadruple centering nose-

piece are centrable to the axis of rotation of the

stage with the two centering keys (1.3; 43.15),

→p. 5.

Pol objectives

Objectives with the additional engraving P or

POL are manufactured to be particularly low in

strain. However, they may show considerable

signs of strain if subjected to rapid changes in

temperature or mechanical damage.

Pol rotary stage

Together with the centered objectives, the ball-

bearing precision stage enables exact angle

measurements.

Pol condensers

The condensers (43.8) also have to be strain-free

for all examinations in polarized light. Therefore,

only the special Pol condensers CLP/PH or UCLP

0.85 (identified by the code letter P and the aper-

ture value 0.85) can be used.

Polarizer

First the switchable polarizer (43.10), rotatable

through 360° and with slot for λor λ/4 compen-

sator above (8.2) or, as a simple solution, the fil-

ter holder (28.4) with slot-in polarizer can be

used.

Analyser mount TL L 1/25 (option)

(not illustrated)

In case of alternative outfits without Pol module,

the modular analyser mount TL L 1/25 (11505121)

can be directly interposed between stand and

tube. This allows the use of fixed and rotatable

analysers (180°) in slider.

Assembly

First read the general assembly instructions on

page 5 – 21. The polarizer (43.10) is screwed onto

the underside of the condenser holder at the left.

Caution!

When assembling the intermediate tube (Pol

module, tubes) and the (right-hand) Pol eye-

piece, remember to watch out for the orientation

aids (pin and groove) at the joints.

Operation of transmitted light pol

Basically all information on pages 21 – 52 is valid.

In addition, please observe the following specific

measures for polarization.

02_Mont_Anl_DMLSP eng.qxp 01.03.2001 16:47 Uhr Seite 6

Method II (Fig. 42)

Move the prominent point on the specimen (42a)

to the centre of the crossline M. Rotate the stage

until the point on the specimen is furthest away

from the centre of the crosslines M (position A,

Fig. 42b). Point A (= maximum distance of the

specimen point from the centre) may even be

outside the field of view. Turning the centering

keys, adjust the image until the specimen point A

is midway (= pos. B) between pos. A and the

centre of the crosslines M (42c). Move point A to

M and check that A stays at M when the stage is

rotated (42d). Repeat the centering process if

necessary.

Each objective must be centered separately. If

an objective is screwed out of the nosepiece,

e.g. for cleaning, and screwed back in the same

place, is centration is more or less retained.

The centering keys are then stored in the two

receptacles on the stage bracket (43.15).

Adjustment

Objective centration

Objectives are centered by adjusting (43.14)

them with two Allen keys (1.3; 43.15) until the

optical axis of the objective (and therefore the

centre of the image) matches the axis of rotation

of the specimen stage (41 and 42). When an

objective is centered correctly, a focused speci-

men area does not drift out of the field of view

when the stage is rotated. A specimen point in

the center of the crossline therefore does not

change positon during a complete rotation of the

stage. It is a good idea to use a specimen with

plenty of contrast and detail for the objective

centration.

Disengage the analyser and the Bertrand lens

(43.3; 43.4). Greatly narrow the aperture

diaphragm (43.7). Insert the two objective cen-

tering keys above the objective (43.14) you want

to center. Focus the specimen. There are two

similar ways of centering objectives:

Method I (Fig. 41)

Rotate the stage and note the point on the speci-

men that remains stationary. This point corre-

sponds to the mechanical axis of rotation of the

stage.

Now move this prominent point of the specimen

to the centre of the crosslines with the two cen-

tering keys. Rotate the stage and fine-adjust the

centration if necessary.

MMM

AA A

abcd

Fig. 41

Centration method I

Fig. 42

Centration method II

02_Mont_Anl_DMLSP eng.qxp 01.03.2001 16:47 Uhr Seite 7

Crossing the polarizers

Focus on an empty area of the specimen or

remove the specimen from the light path.

Remove compensators (43.10; 43.20; 28.2), Ber-

trand lens (43.3) from the light path.

Turn the condenser disc of the UCLP* condens-

er. In case of condenser CLP/PH* (43.8) pull out

the light ring slider to the BF = brightfield posi-

tion.

Engage the analyser (43.4).

Watching the empty field of view, rotate the

polarizer (43.10) until you obtain the optimum

extinction position. The setting may be inaccu-

rate if the specimen, condenser lenses or polar-

izers are dirty, so clean them beforehand if nec-

essary!

Fig. 43 Controls of the polarizing microscope Leica DM LSP

1Eyepiece, with adjustable eyelens* and anti-glare protec-

tion, removable, 2Interpupillary distance setting, 3Bertrand

lens, off/on, 3a Centration+ of Bertrand lens, 4Analyser

off/on, 5 Objective, objective nosepiece, 6Object guide* and

specimen, 7Aperture diaphragm, 8CLP/PH* condenser,

9Condenser centration+, on left and right and condenser

fixing screw on the right, 10 Polarizer with clamp screw for

rotation, hinged, with slot for λor λ/4 compensator, 11 Filter

holder* with filter*, 12 Field diaphragm, 13 Brightness adjust-

ment for transmitted light+(left, hidden in the illustration),

14 Objective centration, 15 Holes for keeping centering keys

when not in use, 16 Condenser height adjustment+,

17 Condenser height stop, 18 Focusing+, fine and coarse,

19 Mains switch, 20 Slot for compensators

* not part of all configurations

+control also situated on right of microscope

Operation of objectives (Pol)

3a+

17 18

02_Mont_Anl_DMLSP eng.qxp 01.03.2001 16:47 Uhr Seite 8

A particularly exact way of crossing the polar-

izers is to use the built-in Bertrand lens (43.3)

or the auxiliary telescope (25.1) as follows:

Use an objective with a fairly high magnification,

e.g. 40x, 50x, 63x.

Open the aperture diaphragm (43.7) (PH position).

For the auxiliary telescope: foxus until the some-

what brighter circle in the middle of the field of

view is sharply defined.

When the polarizer is not quite adjusted, 2 dark

stripes are visible which close to form a cross

when the polarizers are exactly crossed (44a).

This cross usually does not close completely in

the case of objectives and condensers without

the P engraving.

The following section is only intended to give a

rough survey of the examination methods.

Further details can be found in textbooks on

polarization microscopy.

Examinations: One polarizer only

If specimens are to be examined with other

transmitted light methods such as brightfield,

phase contrast and darkfield instead of with

crossed polarizers, it is usually sufficient to dis-

engage either the analyser or the polarizer. If the

image is not bright enough, both the polarizer

and the analyser should be disengaged.

Birefringent specimens with inherent colours

may exhibit changes in brightness and/or colour

when the stage or polarizer is rotated (with

analyser disengaged). This so-called dichroism

or pleochroism is a key indication in crystal

examinations. However, this effect can be simu-

lated on non-polarizing microscopes which have

no depolarizing quartz plate, or also if an inci-

dent light reflector has been left in the light path

when transmitted light is switched on.

Fig. 44 Crossing the polarizers, viewing with a Bertrand lens

and a high-aperture objective, without a specimen

aexactly crossed, bnot exactly crossed

Often, Pos. a cannot be set at all if there is strain in the con-

denser or objective

Operation of transmitted light polari ation

02_Mont_Anl_DMLSP eng.qxp 01.03.2001 16:47 Uhr Seite 9

Crossed polarizers

The DIN and ISO standard vibration directions

are indicated on the microscope (sticker).

If the specimen contains many non-birefringent

or opaque particles, the polarizer is frequently

turned out of the crossed position by a few

degrees so that these particles show up at least

faintly (they remain dark when the polarizers are

exactly crossed). It is not customary to examine

specimens with the polarizers parallel, as this

method of identifying birefringence is not sensi-

tive enough.

Change in brightness when birefringent objects

are rotated

When the stage is rotated, the brightness of

birefringent (anisotropic) objects changes peri-

odically. During a full rotation the object dis-

appears four times after each 90°interval. The

four dark positions are called extinction or nor-

mal positions. Exactly between each of these

extinction positions the object can be observed

with maximum light intensity. These are the four

diagonal or 45° positions. In the extinction posi-

tions the object vibration directions run parallel

to the transmission directions of the polarizers,

at maximum intensity the object vibration direc-

tions represent the angle bisectors of the polar-

izer directions. The crosslines in the (right-hand)

eyepiece of polarized light microscopes can

either be aligned at N –S/E –W, i.e. in the polar-

izer directions, or at 45°angles, i.e. correspond-

ing to the object vibration directions in the

diagonal position.

λand λ/4 compensator

Depending on the microscope model, the quar-

ter- and whole-wave compensators are either

slotted in the compensator slot (43.20) or above

the polarizer (43.10; 28.2) or in the light ring slot

(CLP/PH) or integrated in the condenser disc

(UCLP) (9.6). When a compensator is engaged,

the phase difference is increased or decreased

(see Fig. 45). The vibration direction γ(i.e. corre-

sponding to the greater refractive index nγ) can

be determined from the colour changes.

–λ

+ λ

λ

––

λ

+ –

Black

Lavender gray

Gray blue

Yellowish-white

Vivid yellow

Red-orange

Deep red

Indigo

Sky blue

Greenish blue

Light green

Pure yellow

Orange red

Dark violet red

Indigo

Greenish blue

Sea green

Greenish yellow

Flesh color

Crimson

Matt purple

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Phase difference

1st order

2nd order

3rd order

Fig. 45 Interference colours in relation to phase difference, or

to thickness and colour change for the addition and subtraction

position of a whole-wave and a quarter-wave compensator

02_Mont_Anl_DMLSP eng.qxp 01.03.2001 16:47 Uhr Seite 10

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