Optika B-380 Series Bedienungsanleitung
Version: 2
Issued: 18, 08, 2014
Model
B-380
B-500
B-800
B-1000
Phase contrast
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Page 2
Table of Contents
Introduction to phase contrast
Setup on B-380 microscopes
Setup on B-500 B-800 B-1000 microscopes
Page 3
Introduction to phase contrast
Unstained specimens that do not absorb light are called phase objects because they slightly alter the phase of
the light diffracted by the specimen, usually by retarding such light approximately 1/4 wavelength as compared
to the undeviated direct light passing through or around the specimen unaffected. Unfortunately, our eyes as well
as camera lm, are unable to detect these phase differences. To reiterate, the human eye is sensitive only to the
colors of the visible spectrum (variations in light frequency) or to differing levels
of light intensity (variations in wave amplitude).
In phase specimens, the direct zeroth order light passes through or around the specimen undeviated. However,
the light diffracted by the specimen is not reduced in amplitude as it is in a light-absorbing object, but is slowed
by the specimen because of the specimen’s refractive index or thickness (or both). This diffracted light, lagging
behind by approximately 1/4 wavelength, arrives at the image plane out of step (also termed out of phase) with
the undeviated light but, in interference, essentially undiminished in intensity. The result is that the image at the
eyepiece level is so lacking in contrast as to make the details almost invisible.
Zernike succeeded in devising a method–now known as Phase Contrast microscopy–for making unstained,
phase objects yield contrast images as if they were amplitude objects.
A schematic illustration of the basic phase contrast microscope conguration is illustrated in Figure 1.
Phase
Ring
Deflected
light
Objective
Specimen
Condenser
Annular
Ring
Light from
source
Figure 1
Page 4
Amplitude objects show excellent contrast when the diffracted and direct light are out of step (display a phase
difference) by 1/2 of a wavelength. Zernike’s method was to speed up the direct light by 1/4 wavelength so that
the difference in wavelength between the direct and deviated light for a phase specimen would now be 1/2
wavelength. As a result, the direct and diffracted light arriving at the image level of the eyepiece would be able to
produce destructive interference. Such a procedure results in the details of the image appearing darker against
a lighter background. This is called positive phase contrast (see Figure 2).
Another possible course is to arrange to slow down the direct light by 1/4 wavelength so that the diffracted light
and the direct light arrive at the eyepiece in step and can interfere constructively. This arrangement results in a
bright image of the details of the specimen on a darker background, and is called negative contrast (see Figure
3).
The accessories needed for phase contrast work are a substage phase contrast condenser equipped with an-
nuli and a set of phase contrast objectives, each of which has a phase plate installed. The phase outt, usually
includes a green lter (to increase the resolution) and a phase telescope (to center the annuli).
Phase microscopy techniques are particularly useful with specimens that are thin and scattered in the eld of
view. There are some limitations of phase contrast microscopy:
• Phase images are usually surrounded by halos around the outlines of details. Such halos are optical arti-
facts, which sometimes obscure the boundaries of details.
• The phase annuli do limit the working numerical aperture of the optical system to a certain degree,
thus reducing resolution.
• Phase contrast does not work well with thick specimens because of shifts in phase occur from areas slightly
below or slightly above the plane that is in focus.
• Phase images appear gray if white light is used and green if a green lter is used.
Figure 2 Figure 3
Page 5
Setup on B-380 microscopes
In order to use phase contrast on a B-380 series microscope, follow these steps:
• Make sure that a phase contrast objectives set is mounted on the nosepiece (phase contrast objectives are
marked with “PH” writing).
• Lower the condenser using the knob:
• Replace the standard brighteld condenser with the phase contrast condenser:
Condenser height
adjustement knob
Loosen these screws
and pull the condenser
out
Page 6
• Fully insert the phase contrast condenser into the holder, pushing it until it is well inserted:
• Rotate the condenser annuli disc to the “0” position (brighteld).
• Completely open the aperture diaphragm:
• Turn on the light and put a sample slide on the stage (an opaque specimen will make alignment easier).
• Using the 10x objective, center your sample (moving the stage) and focus using the coarse and ne focus
knobs.
• Rotate the condenser height adjustment knob until you obtain a uniform white illumination on the sample.
Important: the optimal position corresponds to the top lens of the condenser 1-2mm below the bottom side
of the slide.
• Rotate the condenser annuli disc to the “10” position.
Completely open this diaphragm
Page 7
Image as seen in the telescope
Levers for phase ring alignment
• Take one of the eyepieces out of the tube, and insert the centering telescope. Rotate its upper part in order
to view a sharp image of the phase ring:
• Typically, you have to see a pair of rings: one brighter and one darker. The bright one is the image of the an-
nulus on the condenser, while the dark one is the phase ring inside the objective:
• Rotate the levers on both sides of the condenser. You will notice that the bright ring will change its position:
Centering telescope
Adjustable upper part
Page 8
• The goal is to superimpose this bright ring to the dark one, so that they are in the same position:
• Reinsert the eyepiece.
Now you can look at the phase contrast image of your sample.
The same procedure must be followed to align the other objectives (20x, 40x or 100x). Note that in order to ob-
tain a correct image with 100x, you have to use the oil immersion technique (oil between the objective and the
specimen coverslip).
Image as seen in the telescope,
with centred rings.
Page 9
Setup on B-500 B-800 B-1000 microscopes
In order to use phase contrast on a B-500, B-800 or B-1000 series microscope, follow these steps:
• Make sure that a phase contrast objectives set is mounted on the nosepiece (phase contrast objectives are
marked with “PH” writing).
• Lower the condenser using the knob:
• Replace the standard brighteld condenser with the phase contrast condenser:
Condenser height adjustement knob
Loosen the lock screw and pull the
condenser out
Page 10
• Fully insert the phase contrast condenser into the holder, pushing it until it is well inserted:
• Rotate the condenser annuli disc to the “BF” position (brighteld).
• Completely open the aperture diaphragm:
• Turn on the light and put a sample slide on the stage (an opaque specimen will make alignment easier).
• Using the 10x objective, center your sample (moving the stage) and focus using the coarse and ne focus
knobs.
• Rotate the condenser height adjustment knobs until you obtain a uniform white illumination on the sample.
Important: the optimal position corresponds to the top lens of the condenser 1-2mm below the bottom side
of the slide.
• Rotate the condenser annuli disc to the “10” position.
Condenser must fully enter into its guide
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